Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy
Volume 2, Issue 2 , Pages 91-106 , June 2005

Mechanisms in photodynamic therapy: Part three—Photosensitizer pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, tumor localization and modes of tumor destruction

  • Ana P. Castano

      Affiliations

    • BAR414, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
    • Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, USA
    • ,
  • Tatiana N. Demidova

      Affiliations

    • BAR414, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
    • Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology Program, Tufts University, USA
    • ,
  • Michael R. Hamblin, PhD

      Affiliations

    • BAR414, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
    • Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, USA
    • Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, USA
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +1 617 726 6182; fax: +1 617 726 8566.

References 

  1. Castano AP, Demidova TN, Hamblin MR. Mechanisms in photodynamic therapy: part one—photosensitizers, photochemistry and cellular localization. Photodiagn Photodyn Ther. 2004;1:279–293
  2. Castano AP, Demidova TN, Hamblin MR. Mechanisms in photodynamic therapy: part two – cellular signaling, cell metabolism and modes of cell death. Photodiagn Photodyn Ther. 2005;2:1–23
  3. Maugain E, Sasnouski S, Zorin V, Merlin JL, Guillemin F, Bezdetnaya L. Foscan-based photodynamic treatment in vivo: correlation between efficacy and Foscan accumulation in tumor, plasma and leukocytes. Oncol Rep. 2004;12:639–645
  4. Bellnier DA, Greco WR, Parsons JC, Oseroff AR, Kuebler A, Dougherty TJ. An assay for the quantitation of Photofrin in tissues and fluids. Photochem Photobiol. 1997;66:237–244
  5. Gudgin Dickson EF, Holmes H, Jori G, et al. On the source of the oscillations observed during in vivo zinc phthalocyanine fluorescence pharmacokinetic measurements in mice. Photochem Photobiol. 1995;61:506–509
  6. Holmes H, Kennedy JC, Pottier R, Rossi R, Weagle G. A recipe for the preparation of a rodent food that eliminates chlorophyll-based tissue fluorescence. J Photochem Photobiol B. 1995;29:199
  7. Cai H, Lim CK. Comparison of HPLC, capillary electrophoretic and direct spectrofluorimetric methods for the determination of temoporfin-poly(ethylene glycol) conjugates in plasma. Analyst. 1998;123:2243–2245
  8. Little FM, Gomer CJ, Hyman S, Apuzzo ML. Observations in studies of quantitative kinetics of tritium labelled hematoporphyrin derivatives (HpDI and HpDII) in the normal and neoplastic rat brain model. J Neurooncol. 1984;2:361–370
  9. Jones HJ, Vernon DI, Brown SB. Photodynamic therapy effect of m-THPC (Foscan) in vivo: correlation with pharmacokinetics. Br J Cancer. 2003;89:398–404
  10. Bellnier DA, Ho YK, Pandey RK, Missert JR, Dougherty TJ. Distribution and elimination of Photofrin II in mice. Photochem Photobiol. 1989;50:221–228
  11. Schuitmaker JJ, Feitsma RI, Journee-De Korver JG, Dubbelman TM, Pauwels EK. Tissue distribution of bacteriochlorin a labelled with 99mTc-pertechnetate in hamster Greene melanoma. Int J Radiat Biol. 1993;64:451–458
  12. Frisoli JK, Tudor EG, Flotte TJ, Hasan T, Deutsch TF, Schomacker KT. Pharmacokinetics of a fluorescent drug using laser-induced fluorescence. Cancer Res. 1993;53:5954–5961
  13. Sheng C, Pogue BW, Wang E, Hutchins JE, Hoopes PJ. Assessment of photosensitizer dosimetry and tissue damage assay for photodynamic therapy in advanced-stage tumors. Photochem Photobiol. 2004;79:520–525
  14. Bellnier DA, Dougherty TJ. A preliminary pharmacokinetic study of intravenous Photofrin in patients. J Clin Laser Med Surg. 1996;14:311–314
  15. Moriwaki SI, Misawa J, Yoshinari Y, Yamada I, Takigawa M, Tokura Y. Analysis of photosensitivity in Japanese cancer-bearing patients receiving photodynamic therapy with porfimer sodium (Photofrin). Photodermatol Photoimmunol. Photomed. 2001;17:241–243
  16. Bellnier DA, Greco WR, Loewen GM, et al. Population pharmacokinetics of the photodynamic therapy agent 2-[1-hexyloxyethyl]-2-devinyl pyropheophorbide-a in cancer patients. Cancer Res. 2003;63:1806–1813
  17. Brun PH, DeGroot JL, Dickson EF, Farahani M, Pottier RH. Determination of the in vivo pharmacokinetics of palladium-bacteriopheophorbide (WST09) in EMT6 tumour-bearing Balb/c mice using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy. Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2004;3:1006–1010
  18. Egorin MJ, Zuhowski EG, Sentz DL, Dobson JM, Callery PS, Eiseman JL. Plasma pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution in CD2F1 mice of Pc4 (NSC 676418), a silicone phthalocyanine photodynamic sensitizing agent. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1999;44:283–294
  19. Ismail MS, Dressler C, Koeppe P, et al. Pharmacokinetic analysis of octa-alpha-butyloxy-zinc phthalocyanine in mice bearing Lewis lung carcinoma. J Clin Laser Med Surg. 1997;15:157–161
  20. Zuk MM, Rihter BD, Kenney ME, Rodgers MA, Kreimer-Birnbaum M. Pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution studies of the photosensitizer bis(di-isobutyl octadecylsiloxy)silicon 2,3-naphthalocyanine (isoBOSINC) in normal and tumor-bearing rats. Photochem Photobiol. 1994;59:66–72
  21. Chan WS, Marshall JF, Svensen R, Bedwell J, Hart IR. Effect of sulfonation on the cell and tissue distribution of the photosensitizer aluminum phthalocyanine. Cancer Res. 1990;50:4533–4538
  22. Woodburn KW, Stylli S, Hill JS, Kaye AH, Reiss JA, Phillips DR. Evaluation of tumour and tissue distribution of porphyrins for use in photodynamic therapy. Br J Cancer. 1992;65:321–328
  23. Alvarez MG, Moran F, Yslas EI, et al. Pharmacokinetic and tumour-photosensitizing properties of methoxyphenyl porphyrin derivative. Biomed Pharmacother. 2003;57:163–168
  24. Richter AM, Cerruti-Sola S, Sternberg ED, Dolphin D, Levy JG. Biodistribution of tritiated benzoporphyrin derivative (3H-BPD-MA), a new potent photosensitizer, in normal and tumor-bearing mice. J Photochem Photobiol B. 1990;5:231–244
  25. Boyle RW, Dolphin D. Structure and biodistribution relationships of photodynamic sensitizers. Photochem Photobiol. 1996;64:469–485
  26. Figge FH, Weiland GS, Manganiello LO. Affinity of neoplastic, embryonic and traumatized tissues for porphyrins and metalloporphyrins. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1948;68:640
  27. Hamblin MR, Newman EL. On the mechanism of the tumour-localising effect in photodynamic therapy. J Photochem Photobiol B. 1994;23:3–8
  28. Larroque C, Pelegrin A, Van Lier JE. Serum albumin as a vehicle for zinc phthalocyanine: photodynamic activities in solid tumour models. Br J Cancer. 1996;74:1886–1890
  29. Jori G. In vivo transport and pharmacokinetic behavior of tumour photosensitizers. Ciba Found Symp. 1989;146:78–86
  30. Jori G, Reddi E. The role of lipoproteins in the delivery of tumour-targeting photosensitizers. Int J Biochem. 1993;25:1369–1375
  31. Kessel D, Morgan A, Garbo GM. Sites and efficacy of photodamage by tin etiopurpurin in vitro using different delivery systems. Photochem Photobiol. 1991;54:193–196
  32. Kongshaug M, Moan J, Brown SB. The distribution of porphyrins with different tumour localising ability among human plasma proteins. Br J Cancer. 1989;59:184–188
  33. Maziere JC, Santus R, Morliere P, et al. Cellular uptake and photosensitizing properties of anticancer porphyrins in cell membranes and low and high density lipoproteins. J Photochem Photobiol B. 1990;6:61–68
  34. Korbelik M. Low density lipoprotein receptor pathway in the delivery of Photofrin: how much is it relevant for selective accumulation of the photosensitizer in tumors?. J Photochem Photobiol B. 1992;12:107–109
  35. Yuan F, Leunig M, Berk DA, Jain RK. Microvascular permeability of albumin, vascular surface area, and vascular volume measured in human adenocarcinoma LS174T using dorsal chamber in SCID mice. Microvasc Res. 1993;45:269–289
  36. Allison BA, Pritchard PH, Levy JG. Evidence for low-density lipoprotein receptor-mediated uptake of benzoporphyrin derivative. Br J Cancer. 1994;69:833–839
  37. Roberts WG, Hasan T. Role of neovasculature and vascular permeability on the tumor retention of photodynamic agents. Cancer Res. 1992;52:924–930
  38. Korbelik M, Krosl G. Photofrin accumulation in malignant and host cell populations of a murine fibrosarcoma. Photochem Photobiol. 1995;62:162–168
  39. Korbelik M, Krosl G, Chaplin DJ. Photofrin uptake by murine macrophages. Cancer Res. 1991;51:2251–2255
  40. Pottier R, Kennedy JC. The possible role of ionic species in selective biodistribution of photochemotherapeutic agents toward neoplastic tissue. J Photochem Photobiol B. 1990;8:1–16
  41. Freitas I. Lipid accumulation: the common feature to photosensitizer-retaining normal and malignant tissues [news]. J Photochem Photobiol B. 1990;7:359–361
  42. Graham A, Li G, Chen Y, et al. Structure-activity relationship of new octaethylporphyrin-based benzochlorins as photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy. Photochem Photobiol. 2003;77:561–566
  43. Wendler G, Lindemann P, Lacapere JJ, Papadopoulos V. Protoporphyrin IX binding and transport by recombinant mouse PBR. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2003;311:847–852
  44. Lampidis TJ, Bernal SD, Summerhayes IC, Chen LB. Selective toxicity of rhodamine 123 in carcinoma cells in vitro. Cancer Res. 1983;43:716–720
  45. Castro DJ, Saxton RE, Rodgerson DO, Fu YS, Bhuta SM, Fetterman HR, et al. Rhodamine-123 as a new laser dye: in vivo study of dye effects on murine metabolism, histology and ultrastructure. Laryngoscope. 1989;99:1057–1062
  46. Reddi E. Role of delivery vehicles for photosensitizers in the photodynamic therapy of tumours. J Photochem Photobiol B. 1997;37:189–195
  47. Woodburn K, Sykes E, Kessel D. Interactions of Solutol HS 15 and Cremophor EL with plasma lipoproteins. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 1995;27:693–699
  48. Woodburn K, Chang CK, Lee S, Henderson B, Kessel D. Biodistribution and PDT efficacy of a ketochlorin photosensitizer as a function of the delivery vehicle. Photochem Photobiol. 1994;60:154–159
  49. Ginevra F, Biffanti S, Pagnan A, Biolo R, Reddi E, Jori G. Delivery of the tumour photosensitizer zinc(II)-phthalocyanine to serum proteins by different liposomes: studies in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Lett. 1990;49:59–65
  50. Jiang F, Lilge L, Logie B, Li Y, Chopp M. Photodynamic therapy of 9L gliosarcoma with liposome-delivered photofrin. Photochem Photobiol. 1997;65:701–706
  51. Richter AM, Waterfield E, Jain AK, Canaan AJ, Allison BA, Levy JG. Liposomal delivery of a photosensitizer, benzoporphyrin derivative monoacid ring A (BPD), to tumor tissue in a mouse tumor model. Photochem Photobiol. 1993;57:1000–1006
  52. Polo L, Segalla A, Jori G, et al. Liposome-delivered 131I-labelled Zn(II)-phthalocyanine as a radiodiagnostic agent for tumours. Cancer Lett. 1996;109:57–61
  53. Allemann E, Rousseau J, Brasseur N, Kudrevich SV, Lewis K, van Lier JE. Photodynamic therapy of tumours with hexadecafluoro zinc phthalocyanine formulated in PEG-coated poly(lactic acid) nanoparticles. Int J Cancer. 1996;66:821–824
  54. Margalit R, Silbiger E. Albumin microspheres as delivery systems for photodynamic drugs: physico-chemical studies and their implications for in vivo situations. J Microencapsul. 1985;2:183–196
  55. Barel A, Jori G, Perin A, Romandini P, Pagnan A, Biffanti S. Role of high-, low- and very low-density lipoproteins in the transport and tumor-delivery of hematoporphyrin in vivo. Cancer Lett. 1986;32:145–150
  56. Morliere P, Kohen E, Reyftmann JP, et al. Photosensitization by porphyrins delivered to L cell fibroblasts by human serum low density lipoproteins. A microspectrofluorometric study. Photochem Photobiol. 1987;46:183–191
  57. Zhou CN, Milanesi C, Jori G. An ultrastructural comparative evaluation of tumors photosensitized by porphyrins administered in aqueous solution, bound to liposomes or to lipoproteins. Photochem Photobiol. 1988;48:487–492
  58. Schmidt-Erfurth U, Bauman W, Gragoudas E, et al. Photodynamic therapy of experimental choroidal melanoma using lipoprotein-delivered benzoporphyrin. Ophthalmology. 1994;101:89–99
  59. Pani R, Pellegrini R, Cinti MN, et al. New devices for imaging in nuclear medicine. Cancer Biother Radiopharm. 2004;19:121–128
  60. Babbar AK, Singh AK, Goel HC, Chauhan UP, Sharma RK. Evaluation of (99m)Tc-labeled photosan-3, a hematoporphyrin derivative, as a potential radiopharmaceutical for tumor scintigraphy. Nucl Med Biol. 2000;27:587–592
  61. Link EM, Costa DC, Lane D, Blower PJ, Spittle MF. Radioiodinated methylene blue for diagnosing early melanoma metastases. Lancet. 1996;348:753
  62. Link EM, Carpenter RN. 211At-methylene blue for targeted radiotherapy of human melanoma xenografts: treatment of cutaneous tumors and lymph node metastases. Cancer Res. 1992;52:4385–4390
  63. Link EM. Targeting melanoma with 211At/131I-methylene blue: preclinical and clinical experience. Hybridoma. 1999;18:77–82
  64. Evstigneeva RP, Zaitsev AV, Luzgina VN, Ol'Shevskaya VA, Shtil AA. Carboranylporphyrins for boron neutron capture therapy of cancer. Curr Med Chem Anti-Cancer Agents. 2003;3:383–392
  65. Hill JS, Kahl SB, Kaye AH, et al. Selective tumor uptake of a boronated porphyrin in an animal model of cerebral glioma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1992;89:1785–1789
  66. Rosenthal MA, Kavar B, Hill JS, et al. Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of photodynamic therapy for high-grade gliomas using a novel boronated porphyrin. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19:519–524
  67. Wilmes LJ, Hoehn-Berlage M, Els T, et al. In vivo relaxometry of three brain tumors in the rat: effect of Mn-TPPS, a tumor-selective contrast agent. J Magn Reson Imaging. 1993;3:5–12
  68. Ikezaki K, Nomura T, Takahashi M, Fritz-Zieroth B, Inamura T, Fukui M. Selective and prolonged MRI enhancement by Mn-TPPS in an experimental rat brain tumour with peripheral benzodiazepine receptors. Neurol Res. 1994;16:393–397
  69. Schaffer M, Ertl-Wagner B, Schaffer PM, et al. The application of Photofrin II as a sensitizing agent for ionizing radiation—a new approach in tumor therapy?. Curr Med Chem. 2005;12:1209–1215
  70. Schaffer M, Schaffer PM, Corti L, et al. Photofrin as a specific radiosensitizing agent for tumors: studies in comparison to other porphyrins, in an experimental in vivo model. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2002;66:157–164
  71. Schaffer M, Schaffer PM, Vogesser M, et al. Application of Photofrin II as a specific radiosensitising agent in patients with bladder cancer—a report of two cases. Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2002;1:686–689
  72. Young SW, Qing F, Harriman A, et al. Gadolinium(III) texaphyrin: a tumor selective radiation sensitizer that is detectable by MRI. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1996;93:6610–6615
  73. Young SW, Sidhu MK, Qing F, et al. Preclinical evaluation of gadolinium (III) texaphyrin complex. A new paramagnetic contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging. Invest Radiol. 1994;29:330–338
  74. Magda D, Lepp C, Gerasimchuk N, et al. Redox cycling by motexafin gadolinium enhances cellular response to ionizing radiation by forming reactive oxygen species. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2001;51:1025–1036
  75. Miller RA, Woodburn K, Fan Q, Renschler MF, Sessler JL, Koutcher JA. In vivo animal studies with gadolinium (III) texaphyrin as a radiation enhancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1999;45:981–989
  76. Evens AM. Motexafin gadolinium: a redox-active tumor selective agent for the treatment of cancer. Curr Opin Oncol. 2004;16:576–580
  77. Henderson BW, Waldow SM, Mang TS, Potter WR, Malone PB, Dougherty TJ. Tumor destruction and kinetics of tumor cell death in two experimental mouse tumors following photodynamic therapy. Cancer Res. 1985;45:572–576
  78. Chan WS, Brasseur N, La Madeleine C, van Lier JE. Evidence for different mechanisms of EMT-6 tumor necrosis by photodynamic therapy with disulfonated aluminum phthalocyanine or photofrin: tumor cell survival and blood flow. Anticancer Res. 1996;16:1887–1892
  79. Korbelik M, Krosl G. Cellular levels of photosensitisers in tumours: the role of proximity to the blood supply. Br J Cancer. 1994;70:604–610
  80. Lee CC, Pogue BW, O’Hara JA, et al. Spatial heterogeneity and temporal kinetics of photosensitizer (AlPcS2) concentration in murine tumors RIF-1 and MTG-B. Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2003;2:145–150
  81. Zhou X, Pogue BW, Chen B, Hasan T. Analysis of effective molecular diffusion rates for verteporfin in subcutaneous versus orthotopic Dunning prostate tumors. Photochem Photobiol. 2004;79:323–331
  82. Gomer CJ, Razum NJ. Acute skin response in albino mice following porphyrin photosensitization under oxic and anoxic conditions. Photochem Photobiol. 1984;40:435–439
  83. Foster TH, Murant RS, Bryant RG, Knox RS, Gibson SL, Hilf R. Oxygen consumption and diffusion effects in photodynamic therapy. Radiat Res. 1991;126:296–303
  84. Georgakoudi I, Nichols MG, Foster TH. The mechanism of Photofrin photobleaching and its consequences for photodynamic dosimetry. Photochem Photobiol. 1997;65:135–144
  85. Xu T, Li Y, Wu X. Application of lower fluence rate for less microvasculature damage and greater cell-killing during photodynamic therapy. Lasers Med Sci. 2004;19:150–154
  86. Busch TM, Wileyto EP, Emanuele MJ, et al. Photodynamic therapy creates fluence rate-dependent gradients in the intratumoral spatial distribution of oxygen. Cancer Res. 2002;62:7273–7279
  87. Snyder JW, Greco WR, Bellnier DA, Vaughan L, Henderson BW. Photodynamic therapy: a means to enhanced drug delivery to tumors. Cancer Res. 2003;63:8126–8131
  88. Henderson BW, Busch TM, Vaughan LA, et al. Photofrin photodynamic therapy can significantly deplete or preserve oxygenation in human basal cell carcinomas during treatment, depending on fluence rate. Cancer Res. 2000;60:525–529
  89. Curnow A, Haller JC, Bown SG. Oxygen monitoring during 5-aminolaevulinic acid induced photodynamic therapy in normal rat colon. Comparison of continuous and fractionated light regimes. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2000;58:149–155
  90. Babilas P, Schacht V, Liebsch G, et al. Effects of light fractionation and different fluence rates on photodynamic therapy with 5-aminolaevulinic acid in vivo. Br J Cancer. 2003;88:1462–1469
  91. Abels C. Targeting of the vascular system of solid tumours by photodynamic therapy (PDT). Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2004;3:765–771
  92. Star WM, Marijnissen HP, van den Berg-Blok AE, Versteeg JA, Franken KA, Reinhold HS. Destruction of rat mammary tumor and normal tissue microcirculation by hematoporphyrin derivative photoradiation observed in vivo in sandwich observation chambers. Cancer Res. 1986;46:2532–2540
  93. Henderson BW, Fingar VH. Relationship of tumor hypoxia and response to photodynamic treatment in an experimental mouse tumor. Cancer Res. 1987;47:3110–3114
  94. Fingar VH, Siegel KA, Wieman TJ, Doak KW. The effects of thromboxane inhibitors on the microvascular and tumor response to photodynamic therapy. Photochem Photobiol. 1993;58:393–399
  95. Fingar VH, Wieman TJ, Karavolos PS, Doak KW, Ouellet R, van Lier JE. The effects of photodynamic therapy using differently substituted zinc phthalocyanines on vessel constriction, vessel leakage and tumor response. Photochem Photobiol. 1993;58:251–258
  96. McMahon KS, Wieman TJ, Moore PH, Fingar VH. Effects of photodynamic therapy using mono-l-aspartyl chlorin e6 on vessel constriction, vessel leakage, and tumor response. Cancer Res. 1994;54:5374–5379
  97. Gilissen MJ, van de Merbel-de Wit LE, Star WM, Koster JF, Sluiter W. Effect of photodynamic therapy on the endothelium-dependent relaxation of isolated rat aortas. Cancer Res. 1993;53:2548–2552
  98. Fingar VH, Wieman TJ, Doak KW. Role of thromboxane and prostacyclin release on photodynamic therapy-induced tumor destruction. Cancer Res. 1990;50:2599–2603
  99. Hamblin MR, Rajadhyaksha M, Momma T, Soukos NS, Hasan T. In vivo fluorescence imaging of the transport of charged chlorin e6 conjugates in a rat orthotopic prostate tumour. Br J Cancer. 1999;81:261–268
  100. Kurohane K, Tominaga A, Sato K, North JR, Namba Y, Oku N. Photodynamic therapy targeted to tumor-induced angiogenic vessels. Cancer Lett. 2001;167:49–56
  101. Chen B, Pogue BW, Goodwin IA, et al. Blood flow dynamics after photodynamic therapy with verteporfin in the RIF-1 tumor. Radiat Res. 2003;160:452–459
  102. Chen B, Roskams T, de Witte PA. Antivascular tumor eradication by hypericin-mediated photodynamic therapy. Photochem Photobiol. 2002;76:509–513
  103. Ferrario A, Kessel D, Gomer CJ. Metabolic properties and photosensitizing responsiveness of mono-l-aspartyl chlorin e6 in a mouse tumor model. Cancer Res. 1992;52:2890–2893
  104. Cramers P, Ruevekamp M, Oppelaar H, Dalesio O, Baas P, Stewart FA. Foscan uptake and tissue distribution in relation to photodynamic efficacy. Br J Cancer. 2003;88:283–290
  105. Dolmans DE, Kadambi A, Hill JS, et al. Targeting tumor vasculature and cancer cells in orthotopic breast tumor by fractionated photosensitizer dosing photodynamic therapy. Cancer Res. 2002;62:4289–4294
  106. Korbelik M, Krosl G, Krosl J, Dougherty GJ. The role of host lymphoid populations in the response of mouse EMT6 tumor to photodynamic therapy. Cancer Res. 1996;56:5647–5652
  107. Agarwal ML, Larkin HE, Zaidi SI, Mukhtar H, Oleinick NL. Phospholipase activation triggers apoptosis in photosensitized mouse lymphoma cells. Cancer Res. 1993;53:5897–5902
  108. Yamamoto N, Homma S, Sery TW, Donoso LA, Hoober JK. Photodynamic immunopotentiation: in vitro activation of macrophages by treatment of mouse peritoneal cells with haematoporphyrin derivative and light. Eur J Cancer. 1991;27:467–471
  109. Herman S, Kalechman Y, Gafter U, Sredni B, Malik Z. Photofrin II induces cytokine secretion by mouse spleen cells and human peripheral mononuclear cells. Immunopharmacology. 1996;31:195–204
  110. Gollnick SO, Liu X, Owczarczak B, Musser DA, Henderson BW. Altered expression of interleukin 6 and interleukin 10 as a result of photodynamic therapy in vivo. Cancer Res. 1997;57:3904–3909
  111. Krosl G, Korbelik M, Dougherty GJ. Induction of immune cell infiltration into murine SCCVII tumour by photofrin-based photodynamic therapy. Br J Cancer. 1995;71:549–555
  112. Yamamoto N, Homma S, Nakagawa Y, et al. Activation of mouse macrophages by in vivo and in vitro treatment with a cyanine dye, lumin. J Photochem Photobiol B. 1992;13:295–306
  113. Korbelik M, Naraparaju VR, Yamamoto N. Macrophage-directed immunotherapy as adjuvant to photodynamic therapy of cancer. Br J Cancer. 1997;75:202–207
  114. Korbelik M. Induction of tumor immunity by photodynamic therapy. J Clin Laser Med Surg. 1996;14:329–334
  115. Korbelik M, Dougherty GJ. Photodynamic therapy-mediated immune response against subcutaneous mouse tumors. Cancer Res. 1999;59:1941–1946
  116. Krosl G, Korbelik M. Potentiation of photodynamic therapy by immunotherapy: the effect of schizophyllan (SPG). Cancer Lett. 1994;84:43–49
  117. Krosl G, Korbelik M, Krosl J, Dougherty GJ. Potentiation of photodynamic therapy-elicited antitumor response by localized treatment with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Cancer Res. 1996;56:3281–3286
  118. Korbelik M, Cecic I. Enhancement of tumour response to photodynamic therapy by adjuvant mycobacterium cell-wall treatment. J Photochem Photobiol B. 1998;44:151–158
  119. Korbelik M, Sun J, Cecic I, Serrano K. Adjuvant treatment for complement activation increases the effectiveness of photodynamic therapy of solid tumors. Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2004;3:812–816
  120. Castano AP, Liu Q, Hamblin MR. Photodynamic therapy cures green fluorescent protein expressing RIF1 tumors in mice. Proc SPIE. 2004;5319:50–59
  121. Castano AP, Hamblin MR. Combination of photodynamic therapy and low-dose cyclophosphamide as a treatment for metastatic murine tumors. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res. 2004;45:997
  122. Gollnick SO, Vaughan L, Henderson BW. Generation of effective antitumor vaccines using photodynamic therapy. Cancer Res. 2002;62:1604–1608

PII: S1572-1000(05)00060-8

doi: 10.1016/S1572-1000(05)00060-8

Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy
Volume 2, Issue 2 , Pages 91-106 , June 2005

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution