Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy
Volume 2, Issue 4 , Pages 283-298 , December 2005

The influence of photodynamic therapy on the immune response

References 

  1. Castano AP, Demidova TN, Hamblin MR. Mechanisms in photodynamic therapy: part one—photosensitizers, photochemistry and cellular localization. Photodiagn Photodyn Ther. 2004;1:279–293
  2. Castano AP, Demidova TN, Hamblin MR. Mechanisms in photodynamic therapy: part two—cellular signaling, cell metabolism and modes of cell death. Photodiagn Photodyn Ther. 2005;2:1–23
  3. Castano AP, Demidova TN, Hamblin MR. Mechanisms in photodynamic therapy: part three—photosensitizer pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, tumor localization and modes of tumor destruction. Photodiagn Photodyn Ther. 2005;2:91–106
  4. Nowis D, Makowski M, Stoklosa T, Legat M, Issat T, Golab J. Direct tumor damage mechanisms of photodynamic therapy. Acta Biochim Pol. 2005;52:339–352
  5. Agostinis P, Buytaert E, Breyssens H, Hendrickx N. Regulatory pathways in photodynamic therapy induced apoptosis. Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2004;3:721–729
  6. Plaetzer K, Kiesslich T, Oberdanner CB, Krammer B. Apoptosis following photodynamic tumor therapy: induction, mechanisms and detection. Curr Pharm Des. 2005;11:1151–1165
  7. Fingar VH, Taber SW, Haydon PS, Harrison LT, Kempf SJ, Wieman TJ. Vascular damage after photodynamic therapy of solid tumors: a view and comparison of effect in pre-clinical and clinical models at the University of Louisville. In Vivo. 2000;14:93–100
  8. Krammer B. Vascular effects of photodynamic therapy. Anticancer Res. 2001;21:4271–4277
  9. Gilissen MJ, van de Merbel-de Wit LE, Star WM, Koster JF, Sluiter W. Effect of photodynamic therapy on the endothelium-dependent relaxation of isolated rat aortas. Cancer Res. 1993;53:2548–2552
  10. Riedemann NC, Ward PA. Complement in ischemia reperfusion injury. Am J Pathol. 2003;162:363–367
  11. Korbelik M, Sun J, Zeng H. Ischaemia-reperfusion injury in photodynamic therapy-treated mouse tumours. Br J Cancer. 2003;88:760–766
  12. Curnow A, Bown SG. The role of reperfusion injury in photodynamic therapy with 5-aminolaevulinic acid—a study on normal rat colon. Br J Cancer. 2002;86:989–992
  13. Korbelik M, Parkins CS, Shibuya H, Cecic I, Stratford MR, Chaplin DJ. Nitric oxide production by tumour tissue: impact on the response to photodynamic therapy. Br J Cancer. 2000;82:1835–1843
  14. Golab J, Nowis D, Skrzycki M, et al. Antitumor effects of photodynamic therapy are potentiated by 2-methoxyestradiol. A superoxide dismutase inhibitor. J Biol Chem. 2003;278:407–414
  15. Cecic I, Korbelik M. Mediators of peripheral blood neutrophilia induced by photodynamic therapy of solid tumors. Cancer Lett. 2002;183:43–51
  16. Cecic I, Parkins CS, Korbelik M. Induction of systemic neutrophil response in mice by photodynamic therapy of solid tumors. Photochem Photobiol. 2001;74:712–720
  17. Del Conde I, Cruz MA, Zhang H, Lopez JA, Afshar-Kharghan V. Platelet activation leads to activation and propagation of the complement system. J Exp Med. 2005;201:871–879
  18. Korbelik M, Sun J, Cecic I, Serrano K. Adjuvant treatment for complement activation increases the effectiveness of photodynamic therapy of solid tumors. Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2004;3:812–816
  19. Matroule JY, Bonizzi G, Morliere P, et al. Pyropheophorbide-a methyl ester-mediated photosensitization activates transcription factor NF-kappaB through the interleukin-1 receptor-dependent signaling pathway. J Biol Chem. 1999;274:2988–3000
  20. Kick G, Messer G, Goetz A, Plewig G, Kind P. Photodynamic therapy induces expression of interleukin 6 by activation of AP-1 but not NF-kappa B DNA binding. Cancer Res. 1995;55:2373–2379
  21. Granville DJ, Carthy CM, Jiang H, et al. Nuclear factor-kappaB activation by the photochemotherapeutic agent verteporfin. Blood. 2000;95:256–262
  22. Korbelik M. Induction of tumor immunity by photodynamic therapy. J Clin Laser Med Surg. 1996;14:329–334
  23. Dellian M, Abels C, Kuhnle GE, Goetz AE. Effects of photodynamic therapy on leucocyte–endothelium interaction: differences between normal and tumour tissue. Br J Cancer. 1995;72:1125–1130
  24. de Vree WJ, Essers MC, Koster JF, Sluiter W. Role of interleukin 1 and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in photofrin-based photodynamic therapy of rat rhabdomyosarcoma tumors. Cancer Res. 1997;57:2555–2558
  25. Ferrario A, Gomer CJ. Systemic toxicity in mice induced by localized porphyrin photodynamic therapy. Cancer Res. 1990;50:539–543
  26. Canter RJ, Mick R, Kesmodel SB, et al. Intraperitoneal photodynamic therapy causes a capillary-leak syndrome. Ann Surg Oncol. 2003;10:514–524
  27. Yom SS, Busch TM, Friedberg JS, et al. Elevated serum cytokine levels in mesothelioma patients who have undergone pleurectomy or extrapleural pneumonectomy and adjuvant intraoperative photodynamic therapy. Photochem Photobiol. 2003;78:75–81
  28. Fingar VH, Wieman TJ, Wiehle SA, Cerrito PB. The role of microvascular damage in photodynamic therapy: the effect of treatment on vessel constriction, permeability, and leukocyte adhesion. Cancer Res. 1992;52:4914–4921
  29. Sun J, Cecic I, Parkins CS, Korbelik M. Neutrophils as inflammatory and immune effectors in photodynamic therapy-treated mouse SCCVII tumours. Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2002;1:690–695
  30. Gollnick SO, Evans SS, Baumann H, et al. Role of cytokines in photodynamic therapy-induced local and systemic inflammation. Br J Cancer. 2003;88:1772–1779
  31. Kobayashi W, Liu Q, Matsumiya T, et al. Photodynamic therapy upregulates expression of Mac-1 and generation of leukotriene B(4) by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Oral Oncol. 2004;40:506–510
  32. van Duijnhoven FH, Aalbers RI, Rovers JP, Terpstra OT, Kuppen PJ. The immunological consequences of photodynamic treatment of cancer, a literature review. Immunobiology. 2003;207:105–113
  33. Peng Q, Nesland JM. Effects of photodynamic therapy on tumor stroma. Ultrastruct Pathol. 2004;28:333–340
  34. Korbelik M, Cecic I. Contribution of myeloid and lymphoid host cells to the curative outcome of mouse sarcoma treatment by photodynamic therapy. Cancer Lett. 1999;137:91–98
  35. de Vree WJ, Essers MC, de Bruijn HS, Star WM, Koster JF, Sluiter W. Evidence for an important role of neutrophils in the efficacy of photodynamic therapy in vivo. Cancer Res. 1996;56:2908–2911
  36. Lim HW, Young L, Hagan M, Gigli I. Delayed phase of hematoporphyrin-induced phototoxicity: modulation by complement, leukocytes, and antihistamines. J Invest Dermatol. 1985;84:114–117
  37. Fingar VH, Siegel KA, Wieman TJ, Doak KW. The effects of thromboxane inhibitors on the microvascular and tumor response to photodynamic therapy. Photochem Photobiol. 1993;58:393–399
  38. Golab J, Wilczynski G, Zagozdzon R, et al. Potentiation of the anti-tumour effects of Photofrin-based photodynamic therapy by localized treatment with G-CSF. Br J Cancer. 2000;82:1485–1491
  39. Krosl G, Korbelik M, Krosl J, Dougherty GJ. Potentiation of photodynamic therapy-elicited antitumor response by localized treatment with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Cancer Res. 1996;56:3281–3286
  40. De Vree WJ, de Bruijn HS, Kraak-Slee G, Koster JF, Sluiter W. The effect of thrombocytopenia on the efficacy of Photofrin-based photodynamic therapy in vivo. Proc SPIE-Int Soc Opt Eng. 2001;4146:79–85
  41. Henderson BW, Gollnick SO, Snyder JW, et al. Choice of oxygen-conserving treatment regimen determines the inflammatory response and outcome of photodynamic therapy of tumors. Cancer Res. 2004;64:2120–2126
  42. Miyasaka M, Tanaka T. Lymphocyte trafficking across high endothelial venules: dogmas and enigmas. Nat Rev Immunol. 2004;4:360–370
  43. Reiter I, Schwamberger G, Krammer B. Effect of photodynamic pretreatment on the susceptibility of murine tumor cells to macrophage antitumor mechanisms. Photochem Photobiol. 1997;66:384–388
  44. Evans S, Matthews W, Perry R, Fraker D, Norton J, Pass HI. Effect of photodynamic therapy on tumor necrosis factor production by murine macrophages. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1990;82:34–39
  45. Yamamoto N, Homma S, Sery TW, Donoso LA, Hoober JK. Photodynamic immunopotentiation: in vitro activation of macrophages by treatment of mouse peritoneal cells with haematoporphyrin derivative and light. Eur J Cancer. 1991;27:467–471
  46. Yamamoto N, Hoober JK, Yamamoto N, Yamamoto S. Tumoricidal capacities of macrophages photodynamically activated with hematoporphyrin derivative. Photochem Photobiol. 1992;56:245–250
  47. Coutier S, Bezdetnaya L, Marchal S, et al. Foscan (mTHPC) photosensitized macrophage activation: enhancement of phagocytosis, nitric oxide release and tumour necrosis factor-alpha-mediated cytolytic activity. Br J Cancer. 1999;81:37–42
  48. Krosl G, Korbelik M, Dougherty GJ. Induction of immune cell infiltration into murine SCCVII tumour by photofrin-based photodynamic therapy. Br J Cancer. 1995;71:549–555
  49. Reiter I, Schwamberger G, Krammer B. Activation of macrophage tumoricidal activity by photodynamic treatment in vitro—indirect activation of macrophages by photodynamically killed tumor cells. J Photochem Photobiol B. 1999;50:99–107
  50. Deininger MH, Weinschenk T, Morgalla MH, Meyermann R, Schluesener HJ. Release of regulators of angiogenesis following Hypocrellin-A and -B photodynamic therapy of human brain tumor cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2002;298:520–530
  51. Korbelik M, Krosl G. Enhanced macrophage cytotoxicity against tumor cells treated with photodynamic therapy. Photochem Photobiol. 1994;60:497–502
  52. Zagozdzon R, Golab J, Stoklosa T, et al. Effective chemo-immunotherapy of L1210 leukemia in vivo using interleukin-12 combined with doxorubicin but not with cyclophosphamide, paclitaxel or cisplatin. Int J Cancer. 1998;77:720–727
  53. Korbelik M, Naraparaju VR, Yamamoto N. Macrophage-directed immunotherapy as adjuvant to photodynamic therapy of cancer. Br J Cancer. 1997;75:202–207
  54. Korbelik M, Cecic I. Enhancement of tumour response to photodynamic therapy by adjuvant mycobacterium cell-wall treatment. J Photochem Photobiol B. 1998;44:151–158
  55. Yang L, Carbone DP. Tumor–host immune interactions and dendritic cell dysfunction. Adv Cancer Res. 2004;92:13–27
  56. Banchereau J, Palucka AK. Dendritic cells as therapeutic vaccines against cancer. Nat Rev Immunol. 2005;5:296–306
  57. Pardoll D. Does the immune system see tumors as foreign or self?. Annu Rev Immunol. 2003;21:807–839
  58. Fuchs EJ, Matzinger P. Is cancer dangerous to the immune system?. Semin Immunol. 1996;8:271–280
  59. Guermonprez P, Valladeau J, Zitvogel L, Thery C, Amigorena S. Antigen presentation and T cell stimulation by dendritic cells. Annu Rev Immunol. 2002;20:621–667
  60. O’Neill DW, Adams S, Bhardwaj N. Manipulating dendritic cell biology for the active immunotherapy of cancer. Blood. 2004;104:2235–2246
  61. Wells AD, Malkovsky M. Heat shock proteins, tumor immunogenicity and antigen presentation: an integrated view. Immunol Today. 2000;21:129–132
  62. Dunn GP, Old LJ, Schreiber RD. The three Es of cancer immunoediting. Annu Rev Immunol. 2004;22:329–360
  63. Mazzoni A, Segal DM. Controlling the Toll road to dendritic cell polarization. J Leukoc Biol. 2004;75:721–730
  64. Cottrez F, Groux H. Specialization in tolerance: innate CD(4+)CD(25+) versus acquired TR1 and TH3 regulatory T cells. Transplantation. 2004;77:S12–S15
  65. Jakobisiak M, Lasek W, Golab J. Natural mechanisms protecting against cancer. Immunol Lett. 2003;90:103–122
  66. Smyth MJ, Cretney E, Kershaw MH, Hayakawa Y. Cytokines in cancer immunity and immunotherapy. Immunol Rev. 2004;202:275–293
  67. Frandji P, Tkaczyk C, Oskeritzian C, David B, Desaymard C, Mecheri S. Exogenous and endogenous antigens are differentially presented by mast cells to CD4+ T lymphocytes. Eur J Immunol. 1996;26:2517–2528
  68. Stoppacciaro A, Melani C, Parenza M, et al. Regression of an established tumor genetically modified to release granulocyte colony-stimulating factor requires granulocyte-T cell cooperation and T cell-produced interferon gamma. J Exp Med. 1993;178:151–161
  69. Skoberne M, Beignon AS, Larsson M, Bhardwaj N. Apoptotic cells at the crossroads of tolerance and immunity. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2005;289:259–292
  70. Morelli AE, Thomson AW. Dendritic cells: regulators of alloimmunity and opportunities for tolerance induction. Immunol Rev. 2003;196:125–146
  71. van Eden W, van der Zee R, Prakken B. Heat-shock proteins induce T-cell regulation of chronic inflammation. Nat Rev Immunol. 2005;5:318–330
  72. Nicchitta CV. Re-evaluating the role of heat-shock protein–peptide interactions in tumour immunity. Nat Rev Immunol. 2003;3:427–432
  73. Chang MK, Binder CJ, Miller YI, et al. Apoptotic cells with oxidation-specific epitopes are immunogenic and proinflammatory. J Exp Med. 2004;200:1359–1370
  74. Prasad SJ, Farrand KJ, Matthews SA, Chang JH, McHugh RS, Ronchese F. Dendritic cells loaded with stressed tumor cells elicit long-lasting protective tumor immunity in mice depleted of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells. J Immunol. 2005;174:90–98
  75. Jalili A, Makowski M, Switaj T, et al. Effective photoimmunotherapy of murine colon carcinoma induced by the combination of photodynamic therapy and dendritic cells. Clin Cancer Res. 2004;10:4498–4508
  76. Gollnick SO, Vaughan L, Henderson BW. Generation of effective antitumor vaccines using photodynamic therapy. Cancer Res. 2002;62:1604–1608
  77. Korbelik M, Sun J, Cecic I. Photodynamic therapy-induced cell surface expression and release of heat shock proteins: relevance for tumor response. Cancer Res. 2005;65:1018–1026
  78. Hendrzak-Henion JA, Knisely TL, Cincotta L, Cincotta E, Cincotta AH. Role of the immune system in mediating the antitumor effect of benzophenothiazine photodynamic therapy. Photochem Photobiol. 1999;69:575–581
  79. Korbelik M, Dougherty GJ. Photodynamic therapy-mediated immune response against subcutaneous mouse tumors. Cancer Res. 1999;59:1941–1946
  80. Canti G, Lattuada D, Nicolin A, Taroni P, Valentini G, Cubeddu R. Antitumor immunity induced by photodynamic therapy with aluminum disulfonated phthalocyanines and laser light. Anticancer Drugs. 1994;5:443–447
  81. Abdel-Hady ES, Martin-Hirsch P, Duggan-Keen M, et al. Immunological and viral factors associated with the response of vulval intraepithelial neoplasia to photodynamic therapy. Cancer Res. 2001;61:192–196
  82. Blom DJ, Schuitmaker HJ, de Waard-Siebinga I, Dubbelman TM, Jager MJ. Decreased expression of HLA class I on ocular melanoma cells following in vitro photodynamic therapy. Cancer Lett. 1997;112:239–243
  83. van Duijnhoven FH, Aalbers RI, Rovers JP, Terpstra OT, Kuppen PJ. Immunological aspects of photodynamic therapy of liver tumors in a rat model for colorectal cancer. Photochem Photobiol. 2003;78:235–240
  84. Momma T, Hamblin MR, Wu HC, Hasan T. Photodynamic therapy of orthotopic prostate cancer with benzoporphyrin derivative: local control and distant metastasis. Cancer Res. 1998;58:5425–5431
  85. Chen WR, Korbelik M, Bartels KE, Liu H, Sun J, Nordquist RE. Enhancement of laser cancer treatment by a chitosan-derived immunoadjuvant. Photochem Photobiol. 2005;81:190–195
  86. Krosl G, Korbelik M. Potentiation of photodynamic therapy by immunotherapy: the effect of schizophyllan (SPG). Cancer Lett. 1994;84:43–49
  87. Uehara M, Sano K, Wang ZL, Sekine J, Ikeda H, Inokuchi T. Enhancement of the photodynamic antitumor effect by streptococcal preparation OK-432 in the mouse carcinoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2000;49:401–409
  88. Myers RC, Lau BH, Kunihira DY, Torrey RR, Woolley JL, Tosk J. Modulation of hematoporphyrin derivative-sensitized phototherapy with Corynebacterium parvum in murine transitional cell carcinoma. Urology. 1989;33:230–235
  89. Granville DJ, Jiang H, McManus BM, Hunt DW. Fas ligand and TRAIL augment the effect of photodynamic therapy on the induction of apoptosis in JURKAT cells. Int Immunopharmacol. 2001;1:1831–1840
  90. Bellnier DA. Potentiation of photodynamic therapy in mice with recombinant human tumor necrosis factor-alpha. J Photochem Photobiol B. 1991;8:203–210
  91. Switaj T, Jalili A, Jakubowska AB, et al. CpG immunostimulatory oligodeoxynucleotide 1826 enhances antitumor effect of interleukin 12 gene-modified tumor vaccine in a melanoma model in mice. Clin Cancer Res. 2004;10:4165–4175
  92. Kozar K, Kaminski R, Switaj T, et al. Interleukin 12-based immunotherapy improves the antitumor effectiveness of a low-dose 5-Aza-2′-deoxycitidine treatment in L1210 leukemia and B16F10 melanoma models in mice. Clin Cancer Res. 2003;9:3124–3133
  93. Golab J, Zagozdzon R. Antitumor effects of interleukin-12 in pre-clinical and early clinical studies (Review). Int J Mol Med. 1999;3:537–544
  94. Usuda J, Okunaka T, Furukawa K, et al. Increased cytotoxic effects of photodynamic therapy in IL-6 gene transfected cells via enhanced apoptosis. Int J Cancer. 2001;93:475–480
  95. Liu W, Oseroff AR, Baumann H. Photodynamic therapy causes cross-linking of signal transducer and activator of transcription proteins and attenuation of interleukin-6 cytokine responsiveness in epithelial cells. Cancer Res. 2004;64:6579–6587
  96. Jee SH, Shen SC, Chiu HC, Tsai WL, Kuo ML. Overexpression of interleukin-6 in human basal cell carcinoma cell lines increases anti-apoptotic activity and tumorigenic potency. Oncogene. 2001;20:198–208
  97. Steele JK, Liu D, Stammers AT, Whitney S, Levy JG. Suppressor deletion therapy: selective elimination of T suppressor cells in vivo using a hematoporphyrin conjugated monoclonal antibody permits animals to reject syngeneic tumor cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 1988;26:125–131
  98. Korbelik M, Sun J. Cancer treatment by photodynamic therapy combined with adoptive immunotherapy using genetically altered natural killer cell line. Int J Cancer. 2001;93:269–274
  99. Schneider R, Schmitt F, Frochot C, et al. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of folic acid targeted tetraphenylporphyrin as novel photosensitizers for selective photodynamic therapy. Bioorg Med Chem. 2005;13:2799–2808
  100. Renno RZ, Terada Y, Haddadin MJ, Michaud NA, Gragoudas ES, Miller JW. Selective photodynamic therapy by targeted verteporfin delivery to experimental choroidal neovascularization mediated by a homing peptide to vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2. Arch Ophthalmol. 2004;122:1002–1011
  101. Mew D, Wat CK, Towers GH, Levy JG. Photoimmunotherapy: treatment of animal tumors with tumor-specific monoclonal antibody-hematoporphyrin conjugates. J Immunol. 1983;130:1473–1477
  102. van Dongen GA, Visser GW, Vrouenraets MB. Photosensitizer–antibody conjugates for detection and therapy of cancer. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2004;56:31–52
  103. Vrouenraets MB, Visser GW, Stewart FA, et al. Development of meta-tetrahydroxyphenylchlorin-monoclonal antibody conjugates for photoimmunotherapy. Cancer Res. 1999;59:1505–1513
  104. Vrouenraets MB, Visser GW, Stigter M, Oppelaar H, Snow GB, van Dongen GA. Targeting of aluminum (III) phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate by use of internalizing monoclonal antibodies: improved efficacy in photodynamic therapy. Cancer Res. 2001;61:1970–1975
  105. Elmets CA, Bowen KD. Immunological suppression in mice treated with hematoporphyrin derivative photoradiation. Cancer Res. 1986;46:1608–1611
  106. Simkin GO, King DE, Levy JG, Chan AH, Hunt DW. Inhibition of contact hypersensitivity with different analogs of benzoporphyrin derivative. Immunopharmacology. 1997;37:221–230
  107. Musser DA, Fiel RJ. Cutaneous photosensitizing and immunosuppressive effects of a series of tumor localizing porphyrins. Photochem Photobiol. 1991;53:119–123
  108. Radakovic-Fijan S, Blecha-Thalhammer U, Schleyer V, et al. Topical aminolaevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy as a treatment option for psoriasis? Results of a randomized, observer-blinded study. Br J Dermatol. 2005;152:279–283
  109. Qin B, Selman SH, Payne KM, Keck RW, Metzger DW. Enhanced skin allograft survival after photodynamic therapy. Association with lymphocyte inactivation and macrophage stimulation. Transplantation. 1993;56:1481–1486
  110. Jolles CJ, Ott MJ, Straight RC, Lynch DH. Systemic immunosuppression induced by peritoneal photodynamic therapy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1988;158:1446–1453
  111. Lynch DH, Haddad S, King VJ, Ott MJ, Straight RC, Jolles CJ. Systemic immunosuppression induced by photodynamic therapy (PDT) is adoptively transferred by macrophages. Photochem Photobiol. 1989;49:453–458
  112. Hryhorenko EA, Oseroff AR, Morgan J, Rittenhouse-Diakun K. Antigen specific and nonspecific modulation of the immune response by aminolevulinic acid based photodynamic therapy. Immunopharmacology. 1998;40:231–240
  113. Hunt DW, Jiang H, Granville DJ, Chan AH, Leong S, Levy JG. Consequences of the photodynamic treatment of resting and activated peripheral T lymphocytes. Immunopharmacology. 1999;41:31–44
  114. Gruner S, Volk HD, Noack F, Meffert H, von Baehr R. Inhibition of HLA-DR antigen expression and of the allogeneic mixed leukocyte reaction by photochemical treatment. Tissue Antigens. 1986;27:147–154
  115. Gruner S, Meffert H, Volk HD, Grunow R, Jahn S. The influence of haematoporphyrin derivative and visible light on murine skin graft survival, epidermal Langerhans cells and stimulation of the allogeneic mixed leucocyte reaction. Scand J Immunol. 1985;21:267–273
  116. King DE, Jiang H, Simkin GO, Obochi MO, Levy JG, Hunt DW. Photodynamic alteration of the surface receptor expression pattern of murine splenic dendritic cells. Scand J Immunol. 1999;49:184–192
  117. Korbelik M, Sun J, Posakony JJ. Interaction between photodynamic therapy and BCG immunotherapy responsible for the reduced recurrence of treated mouse tumors. Photochem Photobiol. 2001;73:403–409
  118. Krutmann J, Athar M, Mendel DB, et al. Inhibition of the high affinity Fc receptor (Fc gamma RI) on human monocytes by porphyrin photosensitization is highly specific and mediated by the generation of superoxide radicals. J Biol Chem. 1989;264:11407–11413
  119. Hunt DW, Jiang HJ, Levy JG, Chan AH. Sensitivity of activated murine peritoneal macrophages to photodynamic killing with benzoporphyrin derivative. Photochem Photobiol. 1995;61:417–421
  120. Musser DA, Camacho SH, Manderscheid PA, Oseroff AR. The anatomic site of photodynamic therapy is a determinant for immunosuppression in a murine model. Photochem Photobiol. 1999;69:222–225
  121. Gollnick SO, Liu X, Owczarczak B, Musser DA, Henderson BW. Altered expression of interleukin 6 and interleukin 10 as a result of photodynamic therapy in vivo. Cancer Res. 1997;57:3904–3909
  122. Vicari AP, Trinchieri G. Interleukin-10 in viral diseases and cancer: exiting the labyrinth?. Immunol Rev. 2004;202:223–236
  123. Simkin GO, Tao JS, Levy JG, Hunt DW. IL-10 contributes to the inhibition of contact hypersensitivity in mice treated with photodynamic therapy. J Immunol. 2000;164:2457–2462
  124. Gollnick SO, Lee BY, Vaughan L, Owczarczak B, Henderson BW. Activation of the IL-10 gene promoter following photodynamic therapy of murine keratinocytes. Photochem Photobiol. 2001;73:170–177
  125. Gollnick SO, Musser DA, Oseroff AR, Vaughan L, Owczarczak B, Henderson BW. IL-10 does not play a role in cutaneous Photofrin photodynamic therapy-induced suppression of the contact hypersensitivity response. Photochem Photobiol. 2001;74:811–816
  126. Chowdhary RK, Ratkay LG, Neyndorff HC, et al. The use of transcutaneous photodynamic therapy in the prevention of adjuvant-enhanced arthritis in MRL/lpr mice. Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 1994;72:255–263
  127. Trauner KB, Gandour-Edwards R, Bamberg M, Shortkroff S, Sledge C, Hasan T. Photodynamic synovectomy using benzoporphyrin derivative in an antigen-induced arthritis model for rheumatoid arthritis. Photochem Photobiol. 1998;67:133–139
  128. Leong S, Chan AH, Levy JG, Hunt DW. Transcutaneous photodynamic therapy alters the development of an adoptively transferred form of murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Photochem Photobiol. 1996;64:751–757
  129. Cavaletti G, Perseghin P, Dassi M, et al. Extracorporeal photochemotherapy reduces the severity of Lewis rat experimental allergic encephalomyelitis through a modulation of the function of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. 2004;18:9–17
  130. Besnier DP, Chabannes D, Mussini JM, Dupas B, Esnault VL. Extracorporeal photochemotherapy for secondary chronic progressive multiple sclerosis: a pilot study. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2002;18:36–41
  131. Bissonnette R, Tremblay JF, Juzenas P, Boushira M, Lui H. Systemic photodynamic therapy with aminolevulinic acid induces apoptosis in lesional T lymphocytes of psoriatic plaques. J Invest Dermatol. 2002;119:77–83
  132. Boehncke WH, Konig K, Kaufmann R, Scheffold W, Prummer O, Sterry W. Photodynamic therapy in psoriasis: suppression of cytokine production in vitro and recording of fluorescence modification during treatment in vivo. Arch Dermatol Res. 1994;286:300–303
  133. Svennilson J. Novel approaches in GVHD therapy. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2005;35(Suppl. 1):S65–S67
  134. Edstrom DW, Porwit A, Ros AM. Photodynamic therapy with topical 5-aminolevulinic acid for mycosis fungoides: clinical and histological response. Acta Derm Venereol. 2001;81:184–188
  135. Demidova TN, Hamblin MR. Macrophage-targeted photodynamic therapy. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2004;17:117–126
  136. Greinix HT, Volc-Platzer B, Kalhs P, et al. Extracorporeal photochemotherapy in the treatment of severe steroid-refractory acute graft-versus-host disease: a pilot study. Blood. 2000;96:2426–2431
  137. Kanold J, Messina C, Halle P, et al. Update on extracorporeal photochemotherapy for graft-versus-host disease treatment. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2005;35(Suppl. 1):S69–S71
  138. Chen BJ, Cui X, Liu C, Chao NJ. Prevention of graft-versus-host disease while preserving graft-versus-leukemia effect after selective depletion of host-reactive T cells by photodynamic cell purging process. Blood. 2002;99:3083–3088
  139. Gudgin Dickson EF, Goyan RL, Pottier RH. New directions in photodynamic therapy. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand). 2002;48:939–954
  140. Mulroney CM, Gluck S, Ho AD. The use of photodynamic therapy in bone marrow purging. Semin Oncol. 1994;21:24–27
  141. Villeneuve L. Ex vivo photodynamic purging in chronic myelogenous leukaemia and other neoplasias with rhodamine derivatives. Biotechnol Appl Biochem. 1999;30(Pt 1):1–17
  142. Brasseur N, Menard I, Forget A, et al. Eradication of multiple myeloma and breast cancer cells by TH9402-mediated photodynamic therapy: implication for clinical ex vivo purging of autologous stem cell transplants. Photochem Photobiol. 2000;72:780–787
  143. Anderson GS, Tsujino I, Miyagi K, Sampson R, Sieber F. Preferential inactivation of paediatric solid tumour cells by sequential exposure to Merocyanine 540-mediated photodynamic therapy and Edelfosine: implications for the ex vivo purging of autologous haematopoietic stem cell grafts. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2003;69:87–95
  144. Henderson BW, Waldow SM, Mang TS, Potter WR, Malone PB, Dougherty TJ. Tumor destruction and kinetics of tumor cell death in two experimental mouse tumors following photodynamic therapy. Cancer Res. 1985;45:572–576
  145. Chan WS, Brasseur N, La Madeleine C, van Lier JE. Evidence for different mechanisms of EMT-6 tumor necrosis by photodynamic therapy with disulfonated aluminum phthalocyanine or photofrin: tumor cell survival and blood flow. Anticancer Res. 1996;16:1887–1892

PII: S1572-1000(05)00098-0

doi: 10.1016/S1572-1000(05)00098-0

Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy
Volume 2, Issue 4 , Pages 283-298 , December 2005