Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy
Volume 4, Issue 2 , Pages 80-87 , June 2007

The history of PDT in Norway: Part II. Recent advances in general PDT and ALA-PDT

  • Asta Juzeniene, PhD, MSc

      Affiliations

    • Department of Radiation Biology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello N-0310, Oslo, Norway
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +47 22935113; fax: +47 22934270.
    • ,
  • Johan Moan

      Affiliations

    • Department of Radiation Biology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello N-0310, Oslo, Norway
    • Institute of Physics, Oslo University, Blindern 0316, Oslo, Norway

References 

  1. Christensen T, Smedshammer L, Wahl A, Moan J. Photodynamic effects and hyperthermia in vitro. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1985;193:69–78
  2. Davies CL, Ranheim T, Malik Z, Rofstad EK, Moan J, Lindmo T. Relationship between changes in antigen expression and protein synthesis in human melanoma cells after hyperthermia and photodynamic treatment. Br J Cancer. 1988;58:306–313
  3. Moan J, Smedshammer L, Christensen T. Photodynamic effects on human cells exposed to light in the presence of hematoporphyrin. pH effects. Cancer Lett. 1980;9:327–332
  4. Cunderlikova B, Kongshaug M, Gangeskar L, Moan J. Increased binding of chlorin e(6) to lipoproteins at low pH values. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2000;32:759–768
  5. Peng Q, Moan J, Cheng LS. The effect of glucose administration on the uptake of photofrin II in a human tumor xenograft. Cancer Lett. 1991;58:29–35
  6. Moan J, Ma LW, Bjorklund E. The effect of glucose and temperature on the in vivo efficiency of photochemotherapy with meso-tetra-hydroxyphenyl-chlorin. J Photochem Photobiol B. 1999;50:94–98
  7. Ma L, Iani V, Moan J. Combination therapy: photochemotherapy; electric current; and ionizing radiation. Different combinations studied in a WiDr human colon adenocarcinoma cell line. J Photochem Photobiol B. 1993;21:149–154
  8. Bremner JC, Stratford IJ, Bowler J, Adams GE. Bioreductive drugs and the selective induction of tumour hypoxia. Br J Cancer. 1990;61:717–721
  9. Ma LW, Moan J, Steen HB, Berg K, Peng Q. Effect of mitomycin C on the uptake of photofrin II in a human colon adenocarcinoma cell line. Cancer Lett. 1992;64:155–162
  10. Ma LW, Steen HB, Moan J, et al. Cytotoxicity and cytokinetic effects of mitomycin C and/or photochemotherapy in a human colon adenocarcinoma cell line. Int J Biochem. 1992;24:1807–1813
  11. Ma LW, Moan J, Berg K, Peng Q, Steen HB. Potentiation of photodynamic therapy by mitomycin C in cultured human colon adenocarcinoma cells. Radiat Res. 1993;134:22–28
  12. Ma LW, Moan J, Steen HB, Iani V. Anti-tumour activity of photodynamic therapy in combination with mitomycin C in nude mice with human colon adenocarcinoma. Br J Cancer. 1995;71:950–956
  13. Ma LW, Berg K, Danielsen HE, Kaalhus O, Iani V, Moan J. Enhanced antitumour effect of photodynamic therapy by microtubule inhibitors. Cancer Lett. 1996;109:129–139
  14. Gaullier JM, Rodal SK, Moan J, Berg K. Combined treatment of photodynamic therapy and the topoisomerase I inhibitor camptothecin in growing V79 and NHIK 3025 cells. Proc SPIE. 1996;2924:243–251
  15. Hirschberg H, Sun CH, Tromberg BJ, Yeh AT, Madsen SJ. Enhanced cytotoxic effects of 5-aminolevulinic acid-mediated photodynamic therapy by concurrent hyperthermia in glioma spheroids. J Neurooncol. 2004;70:289–299
  16. Berg K, Luksiene Z, Moan J, Ma L. Combined treatment of ionizing radiation and photosensitization by 5-aminolevulinic acid-induced protoporphyrin IX. Radiat Res. 1995;142:340–346
  17. Madsen SJ, Sun CH, Tromberg BJ, Yeh AT, Sanchez R, Hirschberg H. Effects of combined photodynamic therapy and ionizing radiation on human glioma spheroids. Photochem Photobiol. 2002;76:411–416
  18. Evensen JF, Moan J. Photodynamic therapy of C3H Tumours in mice: Effect of drug/light dose fractionation and misonidazole. Lasers Med Sci. 1988;3:6
  19. Christensen T, Moan J. Photodynamic effect of hematoporphyrin (HP) on cells cultivated in vitro. In:  Pratesi R,  Sacchi CA editor. Lasers in photomedicine and photobiology. Berlin/Heidelberg/New York: Springer-Verlag; 1980;p. 87–91
  20. Moan J, Rognan SE, Evensen JF, Malik Z. Cell photosensitization by porphyrins. Photobiochem Photobioph. 1987;(Suppl):385–395
  21. Dahle J, Kaalhus O, Moan J, Steen HB. Cooperative effects of photodynamic treatment of cells in microcolonies. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1997;94:1773–1778
  22. Dahle J, Bagdonas S, Kaalhus O, Olsen G, Steen HB, Moan J. The bystander effect in photodynamic inactivation of cells. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2000;1475:273–280
  23. Dahle J, Angell-Petersen E, Steen HB, Moan J. Bystander effects in cell death induced by photodynamic treatment UVA radiation and inhibitors of ATP synthesis. Photochem Photobiol. 2001;73:378–387
  24. Dahle J, Steen HB, Moan J. The mode of cell death induced by photodynamic treatment depends on cell density. Photochem Photobiol. 1999;70:363–367
  25. Dahle J, Mikalsen SO, Rivedal E, Steen HB. Gap junctional intercellular communication is not a major mediator in the bystander effect in photodynamic treatment of MDCK II cells. Radiat Res. 2000;154:331–341
  26. Dahle J. Importance of cell density and cell-to-cell interactions in photodynamic treatment. In:  Vargas F editors. Advances in biomedical applications of photochemistry & photobiology. Trivandrum, India: Research Signpost; 2002;p. 39–50
  27. Christensen T, Moan J, Smedshammer L, Western A, Rimington C. Influence of hematoporphyrin derivative (Hpd) and light on the attachment of cells to the substratum. Photobiochem Photobiophys. 1985;10:53–59
  28. Cairns RA, Khokha R, Hill RP. Molecular mechanisms of tumor invasion and metastasis: an integrated view. Curr Mol Med. 2003;3:659–671
  29. Nair KS, Naidoo R, Chetty R. Expression of cell adhesion molecules in oesophageal carcinoma and its prognostic value. J Clin Pathol. 2005;58:343–351
  30. Moan J, Steen HB, Feren K, Christensen T. Uptake of hematoporphyrin derivative and sensitized photoinactivation of C3H cells with different oncogenic potential. Cancer Lett. 1981;14:291–296
  31. Denstman SC, Dillehay LE, Williams JR. Enhanced susceptibility to HPD-sensitized phototoxicity and correlated resistance to trypsin detachment in SV40 transformed IMR-90 cells. Photochem Photobiol. 1986;43:145–147
  32. Foultier MT, Vonarx-Coinsmann V, Cordel S, Combre A, Patrice T. Modulation of colonic cancer cell adhesiveness by haematoporphyrin derivative photodynamic therapy. J Photochem Photobiol B. 1994;23:9–17
  33. Margaron P, Sorrenti R, Levy JG. Photodynamic therapy inhibits cell adhesion without altering integrin expression. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1997;1359:200–210
  34. Runnels JM, Chen N, Ortel B, Kato D, Hasan T. BPD-MA-mediated photosensitization in vitro and in vivo: cellular adhesion and beta1 integrin expression in ovarian cancer cells. Br J Cancer. 1999;80:946–953
  35. Ball DJ, Mayhew S, Vernon DI, Griffin M, Brown SB. Decreased efficiency of trypsinization of cells following photodynamic therapy: evaluation of a role for tissue transglutaminase. Photochem Photobiol. 2001;73:47–53
  36. Uzdensky A, Juzeniene A, Ma LW, Moan J. Photodynamic inhibition of enzymatic detachment of human cancer cells from a substratum. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2004;1670:1–11
  37. Uzdensky AB, Juzeniene A, Kolpakova E, Hjortland GO, Juzenas P, Moan J. Photosensitization with protoporphyrin IX inhibits attachment of cancer cells to a substratum. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2004;322:452–457
  38. Uzdensky A, Kolpakova E, Juzeniene A, Juzenas P, Moan J. The effect of sub-lethal ALA-PDT on the cytoskeleton and adhesion of cultured human cancer cells. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2005;1722:43–50
  39. Gomer CJ, Ferrario A, Murphree AL. The effect of localized porphyrin photodynamic therapy on the induction of tumour metastasis. Br J Cancer. 1987;56:27–32
  40. Rousset N, Vonarx V, Eleouet S, et al. Effects of photodynamic therapy on adhesion molecules and metastasis. J Photochem Photobiol B. 1999;52:65–73
  41. Schreiber S, Gross S, Brandis A, et al. Local photodynamic therapy (PDT) of rat C6 glioma xenografts with Pd-bacteriopheophorbide leads to decreased metastases and increase of animal cure compared with surgery. Int J Cancer. 2002;99:279–285
  42. Lisnjak IO, Kutsenok VV, Polyschuk LZ, Gorobets OB, Gamaleia NF. Effect of photodynamic therapy on tumor angiogenesis and metastasis in mice bearing Lewis lung carcinoma. Exp Oncol. 2005;27:333–335
  43. Momma T, Hamblin MR, Wu HC, Hasan T. Photodynamic therapy of orthotopic prostate cancer with benzoporphyrin derivative: local control and distant metastasis. Cancer Res. 1998;58:5425–5431
  44. Moan J, Berg K, Kvam E, et al. Intracellular localization of photosensitizers. Ciba Found Symp. 1989;146:95–107
  45. Berg K, Bommer JC, Winkelman JW, Moan J. Cellular uptake and relative efficiency in cell inactivation by photoactivated sulfonated meso-tetraphenylporphines. Photochem Photobiol. 1990;52:775–781
  46. Berg K, Madslien K, Bommer JC, Oftebro R, Winkelman JW, Moan J. Light induced relocalization of sulfonated meso-tetraphenylporphines in NHIK 3025 cells and effects of dose fractionation. Photochem Photobiol. 1991;53:203–210
  47. Peng Q, Farrants GW, Madslien K, et al. Subcellular localization, redistribution and photobleaching of sulfonated aluminum phthalocyanines in a human melanoma cell line. Int J Cancer. 1991;49:290–295
  48. Berg K, Moan J. Lysosomes as photochemical targets. Int J Cancer. 1994;59:814–822
  49. Moan J, Berg K, Anholt H, Madslien K. Sulfonated aluminium phthalocyanines as sensitizers for photochemotherapy. Effects of small light doses on localization, dye fluorescence and photosensitivity in V79 cells. Int J Cancer. 1994;58:865–870
  50. Berg K, Prydz K, Moan J. Photochemical treatment with the lysosomally localized dye tetra(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphine results in lysosomal release of the dye but not of beta-N-acetyl-d-glucosaminidase activity. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1993;1158:300–306
  51. Moan J, Ma LW, Peng Q. Photodegradation of sensitizers in mouse skin during PCT. Proc SPIE. 1996;2625:187–193
  52. Berg K, Selbo PK, Prasmickaite L, et al. Photochemical internalization: a novel technology for delivery of macromolecules into cytosol. Cancer Res. 1999;59:1180–1183
  53. Selbo PK, Sandvig K, Kirveliene V, Berg K. Release of gelonin from endosomes and lysosomes to cytosol by photochemical internalization. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2000;1475:307–313
  54. Prasmickaite L, Hogset A, Berg K. Evaluation of different photosensitizers for use in photochemical gene transfection. Photochem Photobiol. 2001;73:388–395
  55. Selbo PK, Sivam G, Fodstad O, Sandvig K, Berg K. In vivo documentation of photochemical internalization, a novel approach to site specific cancer therapy. Int J Cancer. 2001;92:761–766
  56. Selbo PK, Kaalhus O, Sivam G, Berg K. 5-Aminolevulinic acid-based photochemical internalization of the immunotoxin MOC31-gelonin generates synergistic cytotoxic effects in vitro. Photochem Photobiol. 2001;74:303–310
  57. Dietze A, Bonsted A, Hogset A, Berg K. Photochemical internalization enhances the cytotoxic effect of the protein toxin gelonin and transgene expression in sarcoma cells. Photochem Photobiol. 2003;78:283–289
  58. Folini M, Berg K, Millo E, et al. Photochemical internalization of a peptide nucleic acid targeting the catalytic subunit of human telomerase. Cancer Res. 2003;63:3490–3494
  59. Bonsted A, Engesaeter BO, Hogset A, et al. Transgene expression is increased by photochemically mediated transduction of polycation-complexed adenoviruses. Gene Ther. 2004;11:152–160
  60. Dietze A, Engesaeter B, Berg K. Transgene delivery and gelonin cytotoxicity enhanced by photochemical internalization in fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) from rheumatoid arthritis patients. Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2005;4:341–347
  61. Engesaeter BO, Bonsted A, Berg K, et al. PCI-enhanced adenoviral transduction employs the known uptake mechanism of adenoviral particles. Cancer Gene Ther. 2005;12:439–448
  62. Dietze A, Selbo PK, Prasmickaite L, et al. Photochemical internalization (PCI): a new modality for light activation of endocytosed therapeuticals. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol. 2006;25:521–536
  63. Engesaeter BO, Tveito S, Bonsted A, Engebraaten O, Berg K, Maelandsmo GM. Photochemical treatment with endosomally localized photosensitizers enhances the number of adenoviruses in the nucleus. J Gene Med. 2006;8:707–718
  64. Weyergang A, Selbo PK, Berg K. Photochemically stimulated drug delivery increases the cytotoxicity and specificity of EGF-saporin. J Control Release. 2006;111:165–173
  65. Hogset A, Prasmickaite L, Hellum M, et al. Photochemical transfection: a technology for efficient light-directed gene delivery. Somat Cell Mol Genet. 2002;27:97–113
  66. Berg K, Prasmickaite L, Selbo PK, Hellum M, Bonsted A, Hogset A. Photochemical internalization (PCI)—a novel technology for release of macromolecules from endocytic vesicles. Oftalmologia. 2003;56:67–71
  67. Berg K, Selbo PK, Prasmickaite L, Hogset A. Photochemical drug and gene delivery. Curr Opin Mol Ther. 2004;6:279–287
  68. Prasmickaite L, Hogset A, Olsen VM, Kaalhus O, Mikalsen SO, Berg K. Photochemically enhanced gene transfection increases the cytotoxicity of the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene combined with ganciclovir. Cancer Gene Ther. 2004;11:514–523
  69. Malik Z, Lugaci H. Destruction of erythroleukaemic cells by photoactivation of endogenous porphyrins. Br J Cancer. 1987;56:589–595
  70. Peng Q, Evensen JF, Rimington C, Moan J. A comparison of different photosensitizing dyes with respect to uptake C3H-tumors and tissues of mice. Cancer Lett. 1987;36:1–10
  71. Sandberg S, Romslo I. Porphyrin-sensitized photodynamic damage of isolated rat liver mitochondria. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1980;593:187–195
  72. Sandberg S, Romslo I, Hovding G, Bjorndal T. Porphyrin-induced photodamage as related to the subcellular localization of the porphyrins. Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh). 1982;100:75–80
  73. Sandberg S, Romslo I. Porphyrin-induced photodamage at the cellular and the subcellular level as related to the solubility of the porphyrin. Clin Chim Acta. 1981;109:193–201
  74. Peng Q, Warloe T, Berg K, et al. 5-Aminolevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy. Clinical research and future challenges. Cancer. 1997;79:2282–2308
  75. Peng Q, Berg K, Moan J, Kongshaug M, Nesland JM. 5-Aminolevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy: principles and experimental research. Photochem Photobiol. 1997;65:235–251
  76. Peng Q, Moan J, Warloe T, Nesland JM, Rimington C. Distribution and photosensitizing efficiency of porphyrins induced by application of exogenous 5-aminolevulinic acid in mice bearing mammary carcinoma. Int J Cancer. 1992;52:433–443
  77. Kennedy JC, Pottier RH, Pross DC. Photodynamic therapy with endogenous protoporphyrin IX: basic principles and present clinical experience. J Photochem Photobiol B. 1990;6:143–148
  78. Warloe T, Peng Q, Moan J, Qvist HL, Giercksky KE. Photochemotherapy of multiple basal cell carcinoma with endogenous porphyrins induced by topical application of 5-aminolevulinic acid. In:  Spinelli P,  Dal Fante M,  Marchesini R editor. Photodynamic therapy and biomedical lasers. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers; 1992;p. 449–453
  79. Warloe T, Peng Q, Heyerdahl H, Moan J, Steen HB, Giercksky KE. Photodynamic therapy with 5-aminolevulinic acid induced porphyrins and DMSO/EDTA for basal cell carcinoma. Proc SPIE. 1994;2371:226–235
  80. Soler AM, Warloe T, Tausjo J, Berner A. Photodynamic therapy by topical aminolevulinic acid, dimethylsulphoxide and curettage in nodular basal cell carcinoma: a one-year follow-up study. Acta Derm Venereol. 1999;79:204–206
  81. van den Akker JT, Iani V, Star WM, Sterenborg HJ, Moan J. Topical application of 5-aminolevulinic acid hexyl ester and 5-aminolevulinic acid to normal nude mouse skin: differences in protoporphyrin IX fluorescence kinetics and the role of the stratum corneum. Photochem Photobiol. 2000;72:681–689
  82. Peng Q, Warloe T, Moan J, et al. Distribution of 5-aminolevulinic acid-induced porphyrins in noduloulcerative basal cell carcinoma. Photochem Photobiol. 1995;62:906–913
  83. Berg K, Anholt H, Bech O, Moan J. The influence of iron chelators on the accumulation of protoporphyrin IX in 5-aminolaevulinic acid-treated cells. Br J Cancer. 1996;74:688–697
  84. Bech O, Phillips D, Moan J, MacRobert AJ. A hydroxypyridinone (CP94) enhances protoporphyrin IX formation in 5-aminolaevulinic acid treated cells. J Photochem Photobiol B. 1997;41:136–144
  85. Bender J, Ericson MB, Merclin N, et al. Lipid cubic phases for improved topical drug delivery in photodynamic therapy. J Control Release. 2005;106:350–360
  86. Donnelly RF, McCarron PA, Ma LW, et al. Facilitated delivery of ALA to inaccessible regions via bioadhesive patch systems. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol. 2006;25:389–402
  87. Donnelly RF, Ma LW, Juzenas P, et al. Topical bioadhesive patch systems enhance selectivity of protoporphyrin IX accumulation in tumours. Photochem Photobiol. 2006;
  88. Ma L, Moan J, Peng Q, Iani V. Production of protoporphyrin IX induced by 5-aminolevulinic acid in transplanted human colon adenocarcinoma of nude mice can be increased by ultrasound. Int J Cancer. 1998;78:464–469
  89. Moan J, Juzenas P, Bagdonas S. Degradation and transformation of photosensitisers during light exposure. In:  Pandalai SG editors. Recent research developments in photochemistry and photobiology. Trivandrum: Transworld Research Network; 2000;p. 121–132
  90. Peng Q, Moan J, Warloe T, et al. Build-up of esterified aminolevulinic-acid-derivative-induced porphyrin fluorescence in normal mouse skin. J Photochem Photobiol B. 1996;34:95–96
  91. Gaullier JM, Berg K, Peng Q, et al. Use of 5-aminolevulinic acid esters to improve photodynamic therapy on cells in culture. Cancer Res. 1997;57:1481–1486
  92. Godal A, Nilsen NO, Klaveness J, Branden JE, Nesland JM, Peng Q. New derivatives of 5-aminolevulinic acid for photodynamic therapy: chemical synthesis and porphyrin production in vitro and in vivo biological systems. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol. 2006;25:109–126
  93. Peng Q, Warloe T, Moan J, et al. ALA derivative-induced protoporphyrin IX build-up and distribution in human nodular basal cell carcinoma. Photochem Photobiol. 1995;61:82S
  94. Peng Q, Nesland JM. Effects of photodynamic therapy on tumor stroma. Ultrastruct Pathol. 2004;28:333–340
  95. Peng Q, Warloe T, Moan J, et al. Antitumor effect of 5-aminolevulinic acid-mediated photodynamic therapy can be enhanced by the use of a low dose of photofrin in human tumor xenografts. Cancer Res. 2001;61:5824–5832
  96. Angell-Petersen E, Sorensen R, Warloe T, et al. Porphyrin formation in actinic keratosis and basal cell carcinoma after topical application of methyl 5-aminolevulinate. J Invest Dermatol. 2006;126:265–271
  97. Soler AM, Warloe T, Berner A, Giercksky KE. A follow-up study of recurrence and cosmesis in completely responding superficial and nodular basal cell carcinomas treated with methyl 5-aminolaevulinate-based photodynamic therapy alone and with prior curettage. Br J Dermatol. 2001;145:467–471
  98. Stender IM, Bech-Thomsen N, Poulsen T, Wulf HC. Photodynamic therapy with topical delta-aminolevulinic acid delays UV photocarcinogenesis in hairless mice. Photochem Photobiol. 1997;66:493–496
  99. Liu Y, Viau G, Bissonnette R. Multiple large-surface photodynamic therapy sessions with topical or systemic aminolevulinic acid and blue light in UV-exposed hairless mice. J Cutan Med Surg. 2004;8:131–139
  100. Sharfaei S, Viau G, Lui H, Bouffard D, Bissonnette R. Systemic photodynamic therapy with aminolaevulinic acid delays the appearance of ultraviolet-induced skin tumours in mice. Br J Dermatol. 2001;144:1207–1214
  101. Onuki J, Teixeira PC, Medeiros MH, et al. Is 5-aminolevulinic acid involved in the hepatocellular carcinogenesis of acute intermittent porphyria?. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand). 2002;48:17–26
  102. Moan J, Ma LW, Juzeniene A, et al. Pharmacology of protoporphyrin IX in nude mice after application of ALA and ALA esters. Int J Cancer. 2003;103:132–135
  103. Sharfaei S, Juzenas P, Moan J, Bissonnette R. Weekly topical application of methyl aminolevulinate followed by light exposure delays the appearance of UV-induced skin tumours in mice. Arch Dermatol Res. 2002;294:237–242
  104. Wulf HC, Pavel S, Stender I, Bakker-Wensveen CA. Topical photodynamic therapy for prevention of new skin lesions in renal transplant recipients. Acta Derm Venereol. 2006;86:25–28
  105. Wiegell SR, Stender IM, Na R, Wulf HC. Pain associated with photodynamic therapy using 5-aminolevulinic acid or 5-aminolevulinic acid methylester on tape-stripped normal skin. Arch Dermatol. 2003;139:1173–1177
  106. Moan J. On the diffusion length of singlet oxygen in cells and tissues. J Photochem Photobiol B: Biol. 1990;6:343–344
  107. Moan J, Berg K. The photodegradation of porphyrins in cells can be used to estimate the lifetime of singlet oxygen. Photochem Photobiol. 1991;53:549–553
  108. Moan J, Bissonnette R. Skin preparation. Patent 10/275,557 US 6,911,194 B2; 2001.
  109. Monfrecola G, Procaccini EM, D’Onofrio D, et al. Hyperpigmentation induced by topical 5-aminolaevulinic acid plus visible light. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2002;68:147–155
  110. Avram DK, Goldman MP. Effectiveness and safety of ALA-IPL in treating actinic keratoses and photodamage. J Drugs Dermatol. 2004;3:S36–S39
  111. Zakhary K, Ellis DA. Applications of aminolevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy in cosmetic facial plastic practices. Facial Plast Surg. 2005;21:110–116
  112. Dover JS, Bhatia AC, Stewart B, Arndt KA. Topical 5-aminolevulinic acid combined with intense pulsed light in the treatment of photoaging. Arch Dermatol. 2005;141:1247–1252

PII: S1572-1000(06)00149-9

doi: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2006.11.001

Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy
Volume 4, Issue 2 , Pages 80-87 , June 2007

Article Tools