Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy
Volume 5, Issue 2 , Pages 103-111 , June 2008

A brief overview of photodynamic therapy in Europe

  • D. Mitton
    • ,
  • R. Ackroyd, MD (Dist), FRCS

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +44 114 2261398; fax: +44 114 2261398.

References 

  1. Ackroyd R, Kelty C, Brown N, Reed M. The history of photodetection and photodynamic therapy. Photochem Photobiol. 2001;74(5):656–669
  2. Finsen NF. Phototherapy. London: Arnold; 1901;
  3. Fitzpatrick TB, Pathak MA. Historical aspects of methoxsalen and other furocoumarins. J Invest Dermatol. 1959;32(2, Part 2):229–231
  4. Raab O. Uber die Wirkung fluoreszierender Stoffe auf Infusorien. Z Biol. 1900;39:524–546
  5. Prime J. Les accidentes toxiques par l’eosinate de sodium. Paris: Jouve and Boyer; 1900;
  6. von Trappeiner H, Jesionek A. Therapeutische Versuche mit fluoreszierenden Stoffen. Med Worchenschr. 1903;(47):2042–2044
  7. von Trappeiner H, Jodlbauer A. Uber Wirkung der photodynamischen (fluorieszierenden) Stoffe auf Protozan und Enzyme. Dtsche Arch Klin Med. 1904;80:427–487
  8. von Trappeiner H, Jodlbauer A. Die Sensibilisierende Wirkung fluorieszierender Substanzer. gesammte Unter-suchungen uber die photodynamische erscheinung; 1907.
  9. Thudichum JL. Tenth report of the medical officer of the privy council. London: HM Stationary Office; 1867;
  10. Hoppe-Seyler F. Eberhard-Karls-Universitat, Berlin; 1871.
  11. Hausmann W. Die sensibilisierende Wirkung des haematoporphyrins. Biochem Z. 1911;(30):276–316
  12. Meyer W. VI. The surgery of the pulmonary artery. Ann Surg. 1913;58(2):188–205
  13. Policard A. Etudes sur les aspects offersts par des tumeurs experimentales a la lumiere de wood. CR Soc Biol. 1924;(91):1423–1428
  14. Auler H, Banzer G. Untersuchungen uber die Rolle der Porphyrine bei geschwulstkranken Menschen und Tieren. Z Krebsforsch. 1942;(53):65–68
  15. Rimington C, Sommer S, Moan J. Hematoporphyrin ethers—I. Generalized synthesis and chemical properties. Int J Biochem. 1987;19(4):315–320
  16. Rimington C, Ronnestad A, Western A, Moan J. Hematoporphyrin ethers—II. Improvements in method, synthesis of the dihexyl, dicyclohexanyl and diphenyl ethers and their preliminary biological evaluation. Int J Biochem. 1988;20(10):1139–1149
  17. Rimington C, Ronnestad A, Evensen JF, Moan J. Preparation and photosensitizing properties of hematoporphyrin ethers. Free Radic Res Commun. 1989;7(3–6):139–142
  18. Evensen JF, Sommer S, Rimington C, Moan J. Photodynamic therapy of C3H mouse mammary carcinoma with haematoporphyrin di-ethers as sensitizers. Br J Cancer. 1987;55(5):483–486
  19. Moan J, Rimington C, Sommer S. Cellular uptake and photosensitizing properties of hematoporphyrin di-ethers with similar chromatographic properties as the tumorlocalizing fraction of hematoporphyrin derivative. Cancer Lett. 1987;34(3):283–289
  20. Moan J, Peng Q, Evensen JF, Berg K, Western A, Rimington C. Photosensitizing efficiencies, tumor- and cellular uptake of different photosensitizing drugs relevant for photodynamic therapy of cancer. Photochem Photobiol. 1987;46(5):713–721
  21. Sommer S, Rimington C, Moan J. Porphyrin derivatives having physical and chemical characteristics similar to those of the active components of hematoporphyrin derivative and with very strong photosensitizing effects. J Photochem Photobiol B. 1987;1(2):241–246
  22. Moan J, Rimington C, Western A. Hematoporphyrin ethers—III. Cellular uptake and photosensitizing properties. Int J Biochem. 1988;20(12):1401–1404
  23. Moan J, Johannessen JV, Christensen T, Espevik T, McGhie JB. Porphyrin-sensitized photoinactivation of human cells in vitro. Am J Pathol. 1982;109(2):184–192
  24. Moan J, Berg K, Kvam E, et al. Intracellular localization of photosensitizers. Ciba Found Symp. 1989;146:95–107[discussion 107–11]
  25. Moan J, Western A. Fluorescence and photosensitising effects of aluminiumphthalocyanine tetrasulfonate in cells. Trends Photochem Photobiol. 1990;1:75–79
  26. Peng Q, Moan J, Farrants G, Danielsen HE, Rimington C. Localization of potent photosensitizers in human tumor LOX by means of laser scanning microscopy. Cancer Lett. 1990;53(2–3):129–139
  27. Peng Q, Moan J, Nesland JM, Rimington C. Aluminum phthalocyanines with asymmetrical lower sulfonation and with symmetrical higher sulfonation: a comparison of localizing and photosensitizing mechanism in human tumor LOX xenografts. Int J Cancer. 1990;46(4):719–726
  28. Moan J, Christensen T, Sommer S. The main photosensitizing components of hematoporphyrin derivative. Cancer Lett. 1982;15(2):161–166
  29. Peng Q, Moan J, Nesland JM. Correlation of subcellular and intratumoral photosensitizer localization with ultrastructural features after photodynamic therapy. Ultrastruct Pathol. 1996;20(2):109–129
  30. Ji Z, Yang G, Vasovic , et al. Subcellular localization pattern of protoporphyrin IX is an important determinant for its photodynamic efficiency of human carcinoma and normal cell lines. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2006;84(3):213–220
  31. Noodt BB, Berg K, Stokke T, Peng Q, Nesland JM. Apoptosis and necrosis induced with light and 5-aminolaevulinic acid-derived protoporphyrin IX. Br J Cancer. 1996;74(1):22–29
  32. Gaullier JM, Berg K, Peng Q, et al. Use of 5-aminolevulinic acid esters to improve photodynamic therapy on cells in culture. Cancer Res. 1997;57(8):1481–1486
  33. Peng Q, Moan J. Correlation of distribution of sulphonated aluminium phthalocyanines with their photodynamic effect in tumour and skin of mice bearing CaD2 mammary carcinoma. Br J Cancer. 1995;72(3):565–574
  34. Moan J. A change in the quantum yield of photoinactivation of cells observed during photodynamic treatment. Lasers Med Sci. 1988;3(93–97):
  35. Moan J. Effect of bleaching of porphyrin sensitizers during photodynamic therapy. Cancer Lett. 1986;33(1):45–53
  36. Mang TS, Dougherty TJ, Potter WR, et al. Photobleaching of porphyrins used in photodynamic therapy and implications for therapy. Photochem Photobiol. 1987;45(4):501–506
  37. Peng Q, Farrants GW, Madslien K, et al. Subcellular localization, redistribution and photobleaching of sulfonated aluminum phthalocyanines in a human melanoma cell line. Int J Cancer. 1991;49(2):290–295
  38. Ma L, Moan J, Berg K. Evaluation of a new photosensitizer, meso-tetra-hydroxyphenyl-chlorin, for use in photodynamic therapy: a comparison of its photobiological properties with those of two other photosensitizers. Int J Cancer. 1994;57(6):883–888
  39. Juzeniene A, Juzenas P, Ma LW, Iani V, Moan J. Effectiveness of different light sources for 5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy. Lasers Med Sci. 2004;19(3):139–149
  40. Moan J, Streckyte G, Bagdonas S, Bech O, Berg K. Photobleaching of protoporphyrin IX in cells incubated with 5-aminolevulinic acid. Int J Cancer. 1997;70(1):90–97
  41. Bagdonas S, Ma LW, Iani V, Rotomskis R, Juzenas P, Moan J. Phototransformations of 5-aminolevulinic acid-induced protoporphyrin IX in vitro: a spectroscopic study. Photochem Photobiol. 2000;72(2):186–192
  42. Ma L, Bagdonas S, Moan J. The photosensitizing effect of the photoproduct of protoporphyrin IX. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2001;60(2–3):108–113
  43. Sorensen R, Iani V, Moan J. Kinetics of photobleaching of protoporphyrin IX in the skin of nude mice exposed to different fluence rates of red light. Photochem Photobiol. 1998;68(6):835–840
  44. Juzenas P, Iani V, Bagdonas S, Rotomskis R, Moan J. Fluorescence spectroscopy of normal mouse skin exposed to 5-aminolaevulinic acid and red light. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2001;61(1–2):78–86
  45. Juzenas P, Sharfaei S, Moan J, Bissonnette R. Protoporphyrin IX fluorescence kinetics in UV-induced tumours and normal skin of hairless mice after topical application of 5-aminolevulinic acid methyl ester. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2002;67(1):11–17
  46. Moan J, Kessel D. Photoproducts formed from photofrin II in cells. J Photochem Photobiol B. 1988;1(4):429–436
  47. Moan J, Wold E. Detection of singlet oxygen production by ESR. Nature. 1979;279(5712):450–451
  48. Moan J, Sommer S. Oxygen dependence of the photosensitizing effect of hematoporphyrin derivative in NHIK 3025 cells. Cancer Res. 1985;45(4):1608–1610
  49. Moan J, Berg K. The photodegradation of porphyrins in cells can be used to estimate the lifetime of singlet oxygen. Photochem Photobiol. 1991;53(4):549–553
  50. Moan J. On the diffusion length of singlet oxygen in cells and tissues. Photochem Photobiol. 1990;6:343–344
  51. Moan J. Photodynamic effect on DNA and cell survival of human cells sensitised by haematoporphyrin. Photochem Photobiol. 1981;2(301–307):
  52. Maier A, Anegg U, Fell B, Rehak P, Ratzenhofer B, Tomaselli F, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen and photodynamic therapy in the treatment of advanced carcinoma of the cardia and the esophagus. Lasers Surg Med. 2000;26(3):308–315
  53. Maier A, Anegg U, Tomaselli F, Rehak P, Sankin O, Fell B, et al. Does hyperbaric oxygen enhance the effect of photodynamic therapy in patients with advanced esophageal carcinoma? A clinical pilot study. Endoscopy. 2000;32(1):42–48
  54. Maier A, Tomaselli F, Anegg U, Rehak P, Fell B, Luznik S, et al. Combined photodynamic therapy and hyperbaric oxygenation in carcinoma of the esophagus and the esophago-gastric junction. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2000;18(6):649–654discussion 654-645
  55. Moan J, Peng Q, Sorensen R, Iani V, Nesland JM. The biophysical foundations of photodynamic therapy. Endoscopy. 1998;30(4):387–391
  56. Iani V, Moan J, Ma LW. Measurements of light penetration into human tissues in vivo. Proc SPIE. 1996;(2625):378–383
  57. Moan J, Iani V, Ma LW. Choice of the proper wavelength for photochemotherapy. Proc SPIE. 1996;(2625):544–549
  58. Whitehurst C, Byrne K, Moore JM. Development of an alternative light source to lasers for photodynamic therapy: 1. Comparative in vitro dose response characteristics. Lasers Med Sci. 1993;8:259–267
  59. Kelly JF, Snell ME, Berenbaum MC. Photodynamic destruction of human bladder carcinoma. Br J Cancer. 1975;31(2):237–244
  60. Kelly JF, Snell ME. Hematoporphyrin derivative: a possible aid in the diagnosis and therapy of carcinoma of the bladder. J Urol. 1976;115(2):150–151
  61. Canto MI. Methylene blue chromoendoscopy for Barrett's esophagus: coming soon to your GI unit?. Gastrointest Endosc. 2001;54(3):403–409
  62. Canto MI, Setrakian S, Willis JE, Chak A, Petras RE, Sivak MV. Methylene blue staining of dysplastic and nondysplastic Barrett's esophagus: an in vivo and ex vivo study. Endoscopy. 2001;33(5):391–400
  63. Peng Q, Warloe T, Berg K, Moan J, Kongshaug M, Giercksky KE, et al. 5-Aminolevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy. Clinical research and future challenges. Cancer. 1997;79(12):2282–2308
  64. Messmann H, Knuchel R, Baumler W, Holstege A, Scholmerich J. Endoscopic fluorescence detection of dysplasia in patients with Barrett's esophagus, ulcerative colitis, or adenomatous polyps after 5-aminolevulinic acid-induced protoporphyrin IX sensitization. Gastrointest Endosc. 1999;49(1):97–101
  65. Mayinger B, Reh H, Hochberger J, Hahn EG. Endoscopic photodynamic diagnosis: oral aminolevulinic acid is a marker of GI cancer and dysplastic lesions. Gastrointest Endosc. 1999;50(2):242–246
  66. Ortner MA, Ebert B, Hein E, Zumbusch K, Nolte D, Sukowski U, et al. Time gated fluorescence spectroscopy in Barrett's oesophagus. Gut. 2003;52(1):28–33
  67. Ackroyd R, Brown NJ, Davis MF, et al. Photodynamic therapy for dysplastic Barrett's oesophagus: a prospective, double blind, randomised, placebo controlled trial. Gut. 2000;47(5):612–617
  68. Kelty CJ, Ackroyd R, Brown NJ, Brown SB, Reed MW. Comparison of high- vs. low-dose 5-aminolevulinic acid for photodynamic therapy of Barrett's esophagus. Surg Endosc. 2004;18(3):452–458
  69. Kelty CJ, Ackroyd R, Brown NJ, Stephenson TJ, Stoddard CJ, Reed MW. Endoscopic ablation of Barrett's oesophagus: a randomized-controlled trial of photodynamic therapy vs. argon plasma coagulation. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2004;20(11–12):1289–1296
  70. Barr H, Shepherd NA, Dix A, Roberts DJ, Tan WC, Krasner N. Eradication of high-grade dysplasia in columnar-lined (Barrett's) oesophagus by photodynamic therapy with endogenously generated protoporphyrin IX. Lancet. 1996;348(9027):584–585
  71. Savary JF, Grosjean P, Monnier P, et al. Photodynamic therapy of early squamous cell carcinomas of the esophagus: a review of 31 cases. Endoscopy. 1998;30(3):258–265
  72. May A, Gossner L, Pech O, et al. Local endoscopic therapy for intraepithelial high-grade neoplasia and early adenocarcinoma in Barrett's oesophagus: acute-phase and intermediate results of a new treatment approach. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2002;14(10):1085–1091
  73. Moghissi K, Dixon K, Thorpe JA, Stringer M, Moore PJ. The role of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in inoperable oesophageal cancer. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2000;17(2):95–100
  74. Diaz-Jimenez JP, Martinez-Ballarin JE, Llunell A, Farrero E, Rodriguez A, Castro MJ. Efficacy and safety of photodynamic therapy versus Nd-YAG laser resection in NSCLC with airway obstruction. Eur Respir J. 1999;14(4):800–805
  75. Moghissi K, Dixon K, Hudson E. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) for bronchial carcinoma with use of a rigid bronchoscope. Lasers Med Sci. 1991;(7):381–385
  76. Moghissi K, Dixon K, Thorpe JA. A method for video-assisted thoracoscopic photodynamic therapy (VAT-PDT). Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2003;2(3):373–375
  77. Moghissi K, Dixon K, Thorpe JA, Stringer M, Oxtoby C. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) in early central lung cancer: a treatment option for patients ineligible for surgical resection. Thorax. 2007;62(5):391–395
  78. de Groen PC, Gores GJ, LaRusso NF, Gunderson LL, Nagorney DM. Biliary tract cancers. N Engl J Med. 1999;341(18):1368–1378
  79. Polydorou AA, Cairns SR, Dowsett JF, et al. Palliation of proximal malignant biliary obstruction by endoscopic endoprosthesis insertion. Gut. 1991;32(6):685–689
  80. Ortner MA, Liebetruth J, Schreiber S, et al. Photodynamic therapy of nonresectable cholangiocarcinoma. Gastroenterology. 1998;114(3):536–542
  81. Ortner ME, Caca K, Berr F, et al. Successful photodynamic therapy for nonresectable cholangiocarcinoma: a randomized prospective study. Gastroenterology. 2003;125(5):1355–1363
  82. Pereira S. Preliminary results of a phase II trial to examine the safety and efficacy of porfimer sodium photodynamic therapy (PDT) in advanced biliary tract carcinoma (BTC). In: ASCO Annual Meeting. 2005;
  83. Nuutinen PJ, Chatlani PT, Bedwell J, MacRobert AJ, Phillips D, Bown SG. Distribution and photodynamic effect of disulphonated aluminium phthalocyanine in the pancreas and adjacent tissues in the Syrian golden hamster. Br J Cancer. 1991;64(6):1108–1115
  84. Chatlani PT, Nuutinen PJ, Toda N, et al. Selective necrosis in hamster pancreatic tumours using photodynamic therapy with phthalocyanine photosensitization. Br J Surg. 1992;79(8):786–790
  85. Regula J, Ravi B, Bedwell J, MacRobert AJ, Bown SG. Photodynamic therapy using 5-aminolaevulinic acid for experimental pancreatic cancer—prolonged animal survival. Br J Cancer. 1994;70(2):248–254
  86. Mlkvy P, Messmann H, Pauer M, et al. Distribution and photodynamic effects of meso-tetrahydroxyphenylchlorin (mTHPC) in the pancreas and adjacent tissues in the Syrian golden hamster. Br J Cancer. 1996;73(12):1473–1479
  87. Mikvy P, Messman H, MacRobert AJ, et al. Photodynamic therapy of a transplanted pancreatic cancer model using meta-tetrahydroxyphenylchlorin (mTHPC). Br J Cancer. 1997;76(6):713–718
  88. Ayaru L, Wittmann J, Macrobert AJ, Novelli M, Bown SG, Pereira SP. Photodynamic therapy using verteporfin photosensitization in the pancreas and surrounding tissues in the Syrian golden hamster. Pancreatology. 2007;7(1):20–27
  89. Bown SG, Rogowska AZ, Whitelaw DE, et al. Photodynamic therapy for cancer of the pancreas. Gut. 2002;50(4):549–557
  90. Beatt KJ, Serruys PW, Hugenholtz PG. Restenosis after coronary angioplasty: new standards for clinical studies. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1990;15(2):491–498
  91. Schwartz RS, Murphy JG, Edwards WD, Camrud AR, Vliestra RE, Holmes DR. Restenosis after balloon angioplasty. A practical proliferative model in porcine coronary arteries. Circulation. 1990;82(6):2190–2200
  92. Nyamekye I, Anglin S, McEwan J, MacRobert A, Bown S, Bishop C. Photodynamic therapy of normal and balloon-injured rat carotid arteries using 5-amino-levulinic acid. Circulation. 1995;91(2):417–425
  93. Jenkins MP, Buonaccorsi G, MacRobert A, Bishop CC, Bown SG, McEwan JR. Intra-arterial photodynamic therapy using 5-ALA in a swine model. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 1998;16(4):284–291
  94. Jenkins MP, Buonaccorsi GA, Raphael M, et al. Clinical study of adjuvant photodynamic therapy to reduce restenosis following femoral angioplasty. Br J Surg. 1999;86(10):1258–1263
  95. Mansfield RJ, Jenkins MP, Pai ML, Bishop CC, Bown SG, McEwan JR. Long-term safety and efficacy of superficial femoral artery angioplasty with adjuvant photodynamic therapy to prevent restenosis. Br J Surg. 2002;89(12):1538–1539
  96. Sharwani A, Jerjes W, Salih V, MacRobert AJ, El-Maaytah M, Khalil HS, et al. Fluorescence spectroscopy combined with 5-aminolevulinic acid-induced protoporphyrin IX fluorescence in detecting oral premalignancy. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2006;83(1):27–33
  97. Hopper C, Kubler A, Lewis H, Tan IB. Putnam G. mTHPC-mediated photodynamic therapy for early oral squamous cell carcinoma. International journal of cancer. 2004;111(1):138–146
  98. Lou PJ, Jager HR, Jones L, Theodossy T, Bown SG, Hopper C. Interstitial photodynamic therapy as salvage treatment for recurrent head and neck cancer. Br J Cancer. 2004;91(3):441–446
  99. Betz CS, Jager HR, Brookes JA, Richards R, Leunig A, Hopper C. Interstitial photodynamic therapy for a symptom-targeted treatment of complex vascular malformations in the head and neck region. Lasers Surg Med. 2007;39(7):571–582
  100. Stummer W, Novotny A, Stepp H, Goetz C, Bise K, Reulen HJ. Fluorescence-guided resection of glioblastoma multiforme by using 5-aminolevulinic acid-induced porphyrins: a prospective study in 52 consecutive patients. J Neurosurg. 2000;93(6):1003–1013
  101. Eljamel S. Photodynamic assisted surgical resection and treatment of malignant brain tumours technique, technology and clinical application. Photodiagn Photodyn Therapy. 2004;1(1):93–98
  102. Eljamel MS, Goodman C, Moseley H. ALA and Photofrin(R) fluorescence-guided resection and repetitive PDT in glioblastoma multiforme: a single centre phase III randomised controlled trial. Lasers Med Sci. 2007;
  103. Morton CA, Brown SB, Collins S, et al. Guidelines for topical photodynamic therapy: report of a workshop of the British Photodermatology Group. Br J Dermatol. 2002;146(4):552–567
  104. Clark C, Bryden A, Dawe R, Moseley H, Ferguson J, Ibbotson SH. Topical 5-aminolaevulinic acid photodynamic therapy for cutaneous lesions: outcome and comparison of light sources. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2003;19(3):134–141
  105. Ibbotson S, Moseley H, Brancaleon L, et al. Photodynamic therapy in dermatology: Dundee clinical and research experience. Photodiagn Photodyn Ther. 2004;1:211–223

PII: S1572-1000(08)00040-9

doi: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2008.04.004

Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy
Volume 5, Issue 2 , Pages 103-111 , June 2008

Article Tools