Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy
Volume 6, Issue 3 , Pages 170-188 , September 2009

Photodynamic therapy for localized infections—State of the art

  • Tianhong Dai

      Affiliations

    • Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
    • Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
  • ,
  • Ying-Ying Huang

      Affiliations

    • Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
    • Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
    • Aesthetic and Plastic Center of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, PR China
  • ,
  • Michael R. Hamblin, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
    • Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
    • Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author at: 40 Blossom Street, BAR414, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114-2696, United States. Tel.: +1 617 726 6182; fax: +1 617 726 8566.

References 

  1. Bell SG. Antibiotic resistance: is the end of an era near?. Neonatal Netw. 2003;22:47–54
  2. Poole MD. Are we facing the end of the antibiotic era?. Ear Nose Throat J. 1993;72:433
  3. Harrison JW, Svec TA. The beginning of the end of the antibiotic era? Part II. Proposed solutions to antibiotic abuse. Quintessence Int. 1998;29:223–229
  4. Mroz P, Hamblin MR. Advances in photodynamic therapy: basic, translational and clinical. Norwood, MA: Artech House; 2008;
  5. Ochsner M. Photophysical and photobiological processes in the photodynamic therapy of tumours. J Photochem Photobiol B. 1997;39:1–18
  6. O’Riordan K, Sharlin DS, Gross J, et al. Photoinactivation of Mycobacteria in vitro and in a new murine model of localized Mycobacterium bovis BCG-induced granulomatous infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006;50:1828–1834
  7. Wilson M. Lethal photosensitisation of oral bacteria and its potential application in the photodynamic therapy of oral infections. Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2004;3:412–418
  8. Bergmans L, Moisiadis P, Huybrechts B, Van Meerbeek B, Quirynen M, Lambrechts P. Effect of photo-activated disinfection on endodontic pathogens ex vivo. Int Endod J. 2008;41:227–239
  9. Hamblin MR, Hasan T. Photodynamic therapy: a new antimicrobial approach to infectious disease?. Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2004;3:436–450
  10. Maisch T. A new strategy to destroy antibiotic resistant microorganisms: antimicrobial photodynamic treatment. Mini Rev Med Chem. 2009;9:947–983
  11. Tang HM, Hamblin MR, Yow CM. A comparative in vitro photoinactivation study of clinical isolates of multidrug-resistant pathogens. J Infect Chemother. 2007;13:87–91
  12. Lauro FM, Pretto P, Covolo L, Jori G, Bertoloni G. Photoinactivation of bacterial strains involved in periodontal diseases sensitized by porphycene-polylysine conjugates. Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2002;1:468–470
  13. Moan J, Peng Q. An outline of the hundred-year history of PDT. Anticancer Res. 2003;23:3591–3600
  14. Nitzan Y, Gutterman M, Malik Z, Ehrenberg B. Inactivation of gram-negative bacteria by photosensitized porphyrins. Photochem Photobiol. 1992;55:89–96
  15. Minnock A, Vernon DI, Schofield J, Griffiths J, Parish JH, Brown SB. Mechanism of uptake of a cationic water-soluble pyridinium zinc phthalocyanine across the outer membrane of Escherichia coli. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2000;44:522–527
  16. Bertoloni G, Rossi F, Valduga G, Jori G, van Lier J. Photosensitizing activity of water- and lipid-soluble phthalocyanines on Escherichia coli. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1990;59:149–155
  17. Lazzeri D, Rovera M, Pascual L, Durantini EN. Photodynamic studies and photoinactivation of Escherichia coli using meso-substituted cationic porphyrin derivatives with asymmetric charge distribution. Photochem Photobiol. 2004;80:286–293
  18. Segalla A, Borsarelli CD, Braslavsky SE, et al. Photophysical, photochemical and antibacterial photosensitizing properties of a novel octacationic Zn(II)-phthalocyanine. Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2002;1:641–648
  19. Minnock A, Vernon DI, Schofield J, Griffiths J, Parish JH, Brown ST. Photoinactivation of bacteria. Use of a cationic water-soluble zinc phthalocyanine to photoinactivate both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. J Photochem Photobiol B. 1996;32:159–164
  20. Usacheva MN, Teichert MC, Biel MA. Comparison of the methylene blue and toluidine blue photobactericidal efficacy against gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. Lasers Surg Med. 2001;29:165–173
  21. Wainwright M, Crossley KB. Methylene Blue—a therapeutic dye for all seasons?. J Chemother. 2002;14:431–443
  22. Wainwright M, Phoenix DA, Laycock SL, Wareing DR, Wright PA. Photobactericidal activity of phenothiazinium dyes against methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1998;160:177–181
  23. Maisch T, Bosl C, Szeimies RM, Lehn N, Abels C. Photodynamic effects of novel XF porphyrin derivatives on prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005;49:1542–1552
  24. Kussovski V, Mantareva V, Angelov I, et al. Photodynamic inactivation of Aeromonas hydrophila by cationic phthalocyanines with different hydrophobicity. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2009;294:133–140
  25. Tegos GP, Demidova TN, Arcila-Lopez D, et al. Cationic fullerenes are effective and selective antimicrobial photosensitizers. Chem Biol. 2005;12:1127–1135
  26. Hamblin MR, O’Donnell DA, Murthy N, et al. Polycationic photosensitizer conjugates: effects of chain length and Gram classification on the photodynamic inactivation of bacteria. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2002;49:941–951
  27. Soukos NS, Ximenez-Fyvie LA, Hamblin MR, Socransky SS, Hasan T. Targeted antimicrobial photochemotherapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1998;42:2595–2601
  28. Tegos GP, Anbe M, Yang C, et al. Protease-stable polycationic photosensitizer conjugates between polyethyleneimine and chlorin(e6) for broad-spectrum antimicrobial photoinactivation. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006;50:1402–1410
  29. George S, Hamblin MR, Kishen A. Uptake pathways of anionic and cationic photosensitizers into bacteria. Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2009;8:788–795
  30. Demidova TN, Hamblin MR. Photodynamic therapy targeted to pathogens. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2004;17:245–254
  31. Nitzan Y, Balzam-Sudakevitz A, Ashkenazi H. Eradication of Acinetobacter baumannii by photosensitized agents in vitro. J Photochem Photobiol B. 1998;42:211–218
  32. Wilson M, Pratten J. Lethal photosensitisation of Staphylococcus aureus in vitro: effect of growth phase, serum, and pre-irradiation time. Lasers Surg Med. 1995;16:272–276
  33. Lambrechts SA, Aalders MC, Verbraak FD, Lagerberg JW, Dankert JB, Schuitmaker JJ. Effect of albumin on the photodynamic inactivation of microorganisms by a cationic porphyrin. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2005;79:51–57
  34. Street CN, Pedigo L, Gibbs A, Loebel NG. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy for the decolonization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from the anterior nares. Proc SPIE. 2009;7380:
  35. Mohr H, Bachmann B, Klein-Struckmeier A, Lambrecht B. Virus inactivation of blood products by phenothiazine dyes and light. Photochem Photobiol. 1997;65:441–445
  36. Mohr H, Knuver-Hopf J, Gravemann U, Redecker-Klein A, Muller TH. West Nile virus in plasma is highly sensitive to methylene blue-light treatment. Transfusion. 2004;44:886–890
  37. Mohr H, Redecker-Klein A. Inactivation of pathogens in platelet concentrates by using a two-step procedure. Vox Sang. 2003;84:96–104
  38. Ben-Hur E, Geacintov NE, Studamire B, Kenney ME, Horowitz B. The effect of irradiance on virus sterilization and photodynamic damage in red blood cells sensitized by phthalocyanines. Photochem Photobiol. 1995;61:190–195
  39. Ben-Hur E, Barshtein G, Chen S, Yedgar S. Photodynamic treatment of red blood cell concentrates for virus inactivation enhances red blood cell aggregation: protection with antioxidants. Photochem Photobiol. 1997;66:509–512
  40. Maisch T, Bosl C, Szeimies RM, Love B, Abels C. Determination of the antibacterial efficacy of a new porphyrin-based photosensitizer against MRSA ex vivo. Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2007;6:545–551
  41. Smijs TG, Bouwstra JA, Schuitmaker HJ, Talebi M, Pavel S. A novel ex vivo skin model to study the susceptibility of the dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum to photodynamic treatment in different growth phases. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2007;59:433–440
  42. Rocas IN, Siqueira JF, Santos KR. Association of Enterococcus faecalis with different forms of periradicular diseases. J Endod. 2004;30:315–320
  43. Millson CE, Wilson M, MacRobert AJ, Bown SG. Ex vivo treatment of gastric Helicobacter infection by photodynamic therapy. J Photochem Photobiol B. 1996;32:59–65
  44. Wood TK. Insights on Escherichia coli biofilm formation and inhibition from whole-transcriptome profiling. Environ Microbiol. 2009;11:1–15
  45. Lewis K. Multidrug tolerance of biofilms and persister cells. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2008;322:107–131
  46. Jain A, Gupta Y, Agrawal R, Khare P, Jain SK. Biofilms—a microbial life perspective: a critical review. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst. 2007;24:393–443
  47. Demidova TN, Gad F, Zahra T, Francis KP, Hamblin MR. Monitoring photodynamic therapy of localized infections by bioluminescence imaging of genetically engineered bacteria. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2005;81:15–25
  48. Rocchetta HL, Boylan CJ, Foley JW, et al. Validation of a noninvasive, real-time imaging technology using bioluminescent escherichia coli in the neutropenic mouse thigh model of infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2001;45:129–137
  49. Francis KP, Joh D, Bellinger-Kawahara C, Hawkinson MJ, Purchio TF, Contag PR. Monitoring bioluminescent Staphylococcus aureus infections in living mice using a novel luxABCDE construct. Infect Immun. 2000;68:3594–3600
  50. Francis KP, Yu J, Bellinger-Kawahara C, et al. Visualizing pneumococcal infections in the lungs of live mice using bioluminescent Streptococcus pneumoniae transformed with a novel gram-positive lux transposon. Infect Immun. 2001;69:3350–3358
  51. Hamblin MR, O’Donnell DA, Murthy N, Contag CH, Hasan T. Rapid control of wound infections by targeted photodynamic therapy monitored by in vivo bioluminescence imaging. Photochem Photobiol. 2002;75:51–57
  52. Hamblin MR, Zahra T, Contag CH, McManus AT, Hasan T. Optical monitoring and treatment of potentially lethal wound infections in vivo. J Infect Dis. 2003;187:1717–1725
  53. Wong TW, Wang YY, Sheu HM, Chuang YC. Bactericidal effects of toluidine blue-mediated photodynamic action on Vibrio vulnificus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005;49:895–902
  54. Zolfaghari PS, Packer S, Singer M, et al. In vivo killing of Staphylococcus aureus using a light-activated antimicrobial agent. BMC Microbiol. 2009;9:27
  55. Orenstein A, Klein D, Kopolovic J, et al. The use of porphyrins for eradication of Staphylococcus aureus in burn wound infections. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 1997;19:307–314
  56. Lambrechts SA, Demidova TN, Aalders MC, Hasan T, Hamblin MR. Photodynamic therapy for Staphylococcus aureus infected burn wounds in mice. Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2005;4:503–509
  57. Dai T, Tegos GP, Lu Z, et al. Photodynamic therapy for Acinetobacter baumannii burn infections in mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009;
  58. Berthiaume F, Reiken SR, Toner M, Tompkins RG, Yarmush ML. Antibody-targeted photolysis of bacteria in vivo. Biotechnology (NY). 1994;12:703–706
  59. Gad F, Zahra T, Francis KP, Hasan T, Hamblin MR. Targeted photodynamic therapy of established soft-tissue infections in mice. Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2004;3:451–458
  60. Shibli JA, Martins MC, Nociti FH, Garcia VG, Marcantonio E. Treatment of ligature-induced peri-implantitis by lethal photosensitization and guided bone regeneration: a preliminary histologic study in dogs. J Periodontol. 2003;74:338–345
  61. Komerik N, Nakanishi H, MacRobert AJ, Henderson B, Speight P, Wilson M. In vivo killing of Porphyromonas gingivalis by toluidine blue-mediated photosensitization in an animal model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2003;47:932–940
  62. Fernandes LA, de Almeida JM, Theodoro LH, et al. Treatment of experimental periodontal disease by photodynamic therapy in immunosuppressed rats. J Clin Periodontol. 2009;36:219–228
  63. de Almeida JM, Theodoro LH, Bosco AF, Nagata MJ, Bonfante S, Garcia VG. Treatment of experimental periodontal disease by photodynamic therapy in rats with diabetes. J Periodontol. 2008;79:2156–2165
  64. de Almeida JM, Theodoro LH, Bosco AF, Nagata MJ, Oshiiwa M, Garcia VG. Influence of photodynamic therapy on the development of ligature-induced periodontitis in rats. J Periodontol. 2007;78:566–575
  65. Sigusch BW, Pfitzner A, Albrecht V, Glockmann E. Efficacy of photodynamic therapy on inflammatory signs and two selected periodontopathogenic species in a beagle dog model. J Periodontol. 2005;76:1100–1105
  66. Teichert MC, Jones JW, Usacheva MN, Biel MA. Treatment of oral candidiasis with methylene blue-mediated photodynamic therapy in an immunodeficient murine model. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2002;93:155–160
  67. Lin J, Bi LJ, Zhang ZG, Fu YM, Dong TT. Toluidine blue-mediated photodynamic therapy of oral wound infections in rats. Lasers Med Sci. 2009;
  68. Akilov OE, Kosaka S, O’Riordan K, Hasan T. Photodynamic therapy for cutaneous leishmaniasis: the effectiveness of topical phenothiaziniums in parasite eradication and Th1 immune response stimulation. Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2007;6:1067–1075
  69. Akilov OE, Kosaka S, O’Riordan K, Hasan T. Parasiticidal effect of delta-aminolevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy for cutaneous leishmaniasis is indirect and mediated through the killing of the host cells. Exp Dermatol. 2007;16:651–660
  70. Akilov OE, Yousaf W, Lukjan SX, Verma S, Hasan T. Optimization of topical photodynamic therapy with 3,7-bis(di-n-butylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium bromide for cutaneous leishmaniasis. Lasers Surg Med. 2009;41:358–365
  71. O’Riordan K, Akilov OE, Chang SK, Foley JW, Hasan T. Real-time fluorescence monitoring of phenothiazinium photosensitizers and their anti-mycobacterial photodynamic activity against Mycobacterium bovis BCG in in vitro and in vivo models of localized infection. Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2007;6:1117–1123
  72. Jung JY, Seung Kwon P, Chul Ahn J, Ge R, Suh MW, Rhee CK. In vitro and in vivo photodynamic therapy of otitis media in gerbils. Laryngoscope. 2009;
  73. Bisland SK, Chien C, Wilson BC, Burch S. Pre-clinical in vitro and in vivo studies to examine the potential use of photodynamic therapy in the treatment of osteomyelitis. Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2006;5:31–38
  74. Smetana Z, Malik Z, Orenstein A, Mendelson E, Ben-Hur E. Treatment of viral infections with 5-aminolevulinic acid and light. Lasers Surg Med. 1997;21:351–358
  75. Moore C, Wallis C, Melnick JL, Kuns MD. Photodynamic treatment of herpes keratitis. Infect Immun. 1972;5:169–171
  76. Lombard GF, Tealdi S, Lanotte MM. The treatment of neurosurgical infections by lasers and porphyrins. In:  Jori G,  Perria CA editor. Photodynamic therapy of tumors and other diseases. Padova, Italy: Edizione Libreria Progetto; 1985;p. 363–366
  77. Tolstykh PI, Stranadko EF, Koraboev UM, et al. Experimental study of photodynamic effect on bacterial wound microflora. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol. 2001;85–87
  78. Stranadko EF, Koraboev UM, Tolstykh MP. Photodynamic therapy in suppurative diseases of soft tissue. Khirurgiia (Mosk). 2000;67–70
  79. Brown SB. Clinical developments in antimicrobial PDT. In: 12th international photodynamic association world congress. Seattle. 2009;
  80. Gold MH. Acne and PDT: new techniques with lasers and light sources. Lasers Med Sci. 2007;22:67–72
  81. Houk LD, Humphreys T. Masers to magic bullets: an updated history of lasers in dermatology. Clin Dermatol. 2007;25:434–442
  82. Johnsson A, Kjeldstad B, Melo TB. Fluorescence from pilosebaceous follicles. Arch Dermatol Res. 1987;279:190–193
  83. Meffert H, Gaunitz K, Gutewort T, Amlong UJ. Therapy of acne with visible light. Decreased irradiation time by using a blue-light high-energy lamp. Dermatol Monatsschr. 1990;176:597–603
  84. Ashkenazi H, Malik Z, Harth Y, Nitzan Y. Eradication of Propionibacterium acnes by its endogenic porphyrins after illumination with high intensity blue light. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2003;35:17–24
  85. Ramstad S, Le Anh-Vu N, Johnsson A. The temperature dependence of porphyrin production in Propionibacterium acnes after incubation with 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and its methyl ester (m-ALA). Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2006;5:66–72
  86. Charakida A, Seaton ED, Charakida M, Mouser P, Avgerinos A, Chu AC. Phototherapy in the treatment of acne vulgaris: what is its role?. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2004;5:211–216
  87. Hongcharu W, Taylor CR, Chang Y, Aghassi D, Suthamjariya K, Anderson RR. Topical ALA-photodynamic therapy for the treatment of acne vulgaris. J Invest Dermatol. 2000;115:183–192
  88. Wiegell SR, Wulf HC. Photodynamic therapy of acne vulgaris using methyl aminolaevulinate: a blinded, randomized, controlled trial. Br J Dermatol. 2006;154:969–976
  89. Wiegell SR, Wulf HC. Photodynamic therapy of acne vulgaris using 5-aminolevulinic acid versus methyl aminolevulinate. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;54:647–651
  90. Tuchin VV, Genina EA, Bashkatov AN, Simonenko GV, Odoevskaya OD, Altshuler GB. A pilot study of ICG laser therapy of acne vulgaris: photodynamic and photothermolysis treatment. Lasers Surg Med. 2003;33:296–310
  91. Ryou JH, Lee SJ, Park YM, Kim HO, Kim HS. Acne-photodynamic therapy with intra-lesional injection of 5-aminolevulinic acid. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2009;25:57–58
  92. Hong SB, Lee MH. Topical aminolevulinic acid-photodynamic therapy for the treatment of acne vulgaris. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2005;21:322–325
  93. Gold MH. Photodynamic therapy with lasers and intense pulsed light. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am. 2007;15:145–160
  94. Nestor MS. The use of photodynamic therapy for treatment of acne vulgaris. Dermatol Clin. 2007;25:47–57
  95. Taylor MN, Gonzalez ML. The practicalities of photodynamic therapy in acne vulgaris. Br J Dermatol. 2009;160:1140–1148
  96. Bryld LE, Jemec GB. The bacterial flora of the skin surface following routine MAL-PDT. J Dermatolog Treat. 2006;17:222–223
  97. Ceilley RI. Advances in the topical treatment of acne and rosacea. J Drugs Dermatol. 2004;3:S12–22
  98. Darras-Vercambre S, Carpentier O, Vincent P, Bonnevalle A, Thomas P. Photodynamic action of red light for treatment of erythrasma: preliminary results. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2006;22:153–156
  99. Yung A, Stables GI, Fernandez C, Williams J, Bojar RA, Goulden V. Microbiological effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in healthy volunteers: a comparative study using methyl aminolaevulinate and hexyl aminolaevulinate cream. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2007;32:716–721
  100. Calzavara-Pinton PG, Venturini M, Sala R. A comprehensive overview of photodynamic therapy in the treatment of superficial fungal infections of the skin. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2005;78:1–6
  101. Donnelly RF, McCarron PA, Tunney MM. Antifungal photodynamic therapy. Microbiol Res. 2008;163:1–12
  102. Donnelly RF, McCarron PA, Tunney MM, David Woolfson A. Potential of photodynamic therapy in treatment of fungal infections of the mouth. Design and characterisation of a mucoadhesive patch containing toluidine blue O. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2006;
  103. Calzavara-Pinton PG, Venturini M, Capezzera R, Sala R, Zane C. Photodynamic therapy of interdigital mycoses of the feet with topical application of 5-aminolevulinic acid. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2004;20:144–147
  104. Kim YJ, Kim YC. Successful treatment of pityriasis versicolor with 5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy. Arch Dermatol. 2007;143:1218–1220
  105. Sotiriou E, Koussidou T, Patsatsi A, Apalla Z, Ioannides D. 5-Aminolevulinic acid-photodynamic treatment for dermatophytic tinea pedis of interdigital type: a small clinical study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2008;
  106. Moravvej H, Dehghan-Mangabadi M, Abbasian MR, Meshkat-Razavi G. Association of rosacea with demodicosis. Arch Iran Med. 2007;10:199–203
  107. Skrlin J, Richter B, Basta-Juzbasic A, et al. Demodicosis and rosacea. Lancet. 1991;337:734
  108. Yamasaki K, Di Nardo A, Bardan A, et al. Increased serine protease activity and cathelicidin promotes skin inflammation in rosacea. Nat Med. 2007;13:975–980
  109. Bryld LE, Jemec GB. Photodynamic therapy in a series of rosacea patients. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2007;21:1199–1202
  110. Katz B, Patel V. Photodynamic therapy for the treatment of erythema, papules, pustules, and severe flushing consistent with rosacea. J Drugs Dermatol. 2006;5:6–8
  111. Derkay CS, Wiatrak B. Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis: a review. Laryngoscope. 2008;118:1236–1247
  112. Shikowitz MJ, Abramson AL, Freeman K, Steinberg BM, Nouri M. Efficacy of DHE photodynamic therapy for respiratory papillomatosis: immediate and long-term results. Laryngoscope. 1998;108:962–967
  113. Abramson AL, Shikowitz MJ, Mullooly VM, Steinberg BM, Amella CA, Rothstein HR. Clinical effects of photodynamic therapy on recurrent laryngeal papillomas. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1992;118:25–29
  114. Bujia J, Feyh J, Kastenbauer E. Photodynamic therapy with derivatives from hemotoporphyrines for recurrent laryngeal papillomatosis of the children. Early results. Otorrinolaringol Ibero Am. 1993;20:251–259
  115. Ichimura H, Yamaguchi S, Kojima A, et al. Eradication and reinfection of human papillomavirus after photodynamic therapy for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Int J Clin Oncol. 2003;8:322–325
  116. Abdel-Hady ES, Martin-Hirsch P, Duggan-Keen M, et al. Immunological and viral factors associated with the response of vulval intraepithelial neoplasia to photodynamic therapy. Cancer Res. 2001;61:192–196
  117. Ross EV, Romero R, Kollias N, Crum C, Anderson RR. Selectivity of protoporphyrin IX fluorescence for condylomata after topical application of 5-aminolaevulinic acid: implications for photodynamic treatment. Br J Dermatol. 1997;137:736–742
  118. Fehr MK, Chapman CF, Krasieva T, et al. Selective photosensitizer distribution in vulvar condyloma acuminatum after topical application of 5-aminolevulinic acid. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1996;174:951–957
  119. Chen K, Chang BZ, Ju M, Zhang XH, Gu H. Comparative study of photodynamic therapy vs CO2 laser vaporization in treatment of condylomata acuminata: a randomized clinical trial. Br J Dermatol. 2007;156:516–520
  120. Szeimies RM, Schleyer V, Moll I, Stocker M, Landthaler M, Karrer S. Adjuvant photodynamic therapy does not prevent recurrence of condylomata acuminata after carbon dioxide laser ablation-A phase III, prospective, randomized, bicentric, double-blind study. Dermatol Surg. 2009;35:757–764
  121. Herzinger T, Wienecke R, Weisenseel P, Borelli C, Berking C, Degitz K. Photodynamic therapy of genital condylomata in men. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2006;31:51–53
  122. Wang XL, Wang HW, Wang HS, Xu SZ, Liao KH, Hillemanns P. Topical 5-aminolaevulinic acid-photodynamic therapy for the treatment of urethral condylomata acuminata. Br J Dermatol. 2004;151:880–885
  123. Schroeter CA, Pleunis J, van Nispen tot Pannerden C, Reineke T, Neumann HA. Photodynamic therapy: new treatment for therapy-resistant plantar warts. Dermatol Surg. 2005;31:71–75
  124. Stender IM, Lock-Andersen J, Wulf HC. Recalcitrant hand and foot warts successfully treated with photodynamic therapy with topical 5-aminolaevulinic acid: a pilot study. Clin Exp Dermatol. 1999;24:154–159
  125. Stender IM, Na R, Fogh H, Gluud C, Wulf HC. Photodynamic therapy with 5-aminolaevulinic acid or placebo for recalcitrant foot and hand warts: randomised double-blind trial. Lancet. 2000;355:963–966
  126. Stender IM, Borgbjerg FM, Villumsen J, Lock-Andersen J, Wulf HC. Pain induced by photodynamic therapy of warts. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2006;22:304–309
  127. Gold MH, Boring MM, Bridges TM, Bradshaw VL. The successful use of ALA-PDT in the treatment of recalcitrant molluscum contagiosum. J Drugs Dermatol. 2004;3:187–190
  128. Scheinfeld N. Treatment of molluscum contagiosum: a brief review and discussion of a case successfully treated with adapelene. Dermatol Online J. 2007;13:15
  129. Roome AP, Tinkler AE, Hilton AL, Montefiore DG, Waller D. Neutral red with photoinactivation in the treatment of herpes genitalis. Br J Vener Dis. 1975;51:130–133
  130. Kaufman RH, Gardner HL, Brown D, Wallis C, Rawls WE, Melnick JL. Herpes genitalis treated by photodynamic inactivation of virus. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1973;117:1144–1146
  131. Bockstahler LE, Lytle CD, Hellman KB. A review of photodynamic therapy for herpes simplex: benefits and potential risks. N Y J Dent. 1975;45:148–157
  132. Myers MG, Oxman MN, Clark JE, Arndt KA. Failure of neutral-red photodynamic inactivation in recurrent herpes simplex virus infections. N Engl J Med. 1975;293:945–949
  133. Friedrich EG, Kaufman RH, Lynch PJ, Woodruff D. Vulvar histology after neutral red photoinactivation of herpes simplex virus. Obstet Gynecol. 1976;48:564–570
  134. Asilian A, Davami M. Comparison between the efficacy of photodynamic therapy and topical paromomycin in the treatment of Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis: a placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2006;
  135. Gardlo K, Horska Z, Enk CD, et al. Treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis by photodynamic therapy. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003;48:893–896
  136. Sohl S, Kauer F, Paasch U, Simon JC. Photodynamic treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2007;5:128–130
  137. Gonzalez U, Pinart M, Reveiz L, Alvar J. Interventions for Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;CD005067
  138. de Oliveira RR, Schwartz-Filho HO, Novaes AB, et al. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in the non-surgical treatment of aggressive periodontitis: cytokine profile in gingival crevicular fluid, preliminary results. J Periodontol. 2009;80:98–105
  139. Chondros P, Nikolidakis D, Christodoulides N, Rossler R, Gutknecht N, Sculean A. Photodynamic therapy as adjunct to non-surgical periodontal treatment in patients on periodontal maintenance: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Lasers Med Sci. 2008;
  140. Braun A, Dehn C, Krause F, Jepsen S. Short-term clinical effects of adjunctive antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in periodontal treatment: a randomized clinical trial. J Clin Periodontol. 2008;35:877–884
  141. Christodoulides N, Nikolidakis D, Chondros P, et al. Photodynamic therapy as an adjunct to non-surgical periodontal treatment: a randomized, controlled clinical trial. J Periodontol. 2008;79:1638–1644
  142. Qin YL, Luan XL, Bi LJ, Sheng YQ, Zhou CN, Zhang ZG. Comparison of toluidine blue-mediated photodynamic therapy and conventional scaling treatment for periodontitis in rats. J Periodontal Res. 2008;43:162–167
  143. Garcez AS, Nunez SC, Hamblin MR, Ribeiro MS. Antimicrobial effects of photodynamic therapy on patients with necrotic pulps and periapical lesion. J Endod. 2008;34:138–142
  144. Pinheiro SL, Schenka AA, Neto AA, de Souza CP, Rodriguez HM, Ribeiro MC. Photodynamic therapy in endodontic treatment of deciduous teeth. Lasers Med Sci. 2008;
  145. Savarino V, Zentilin P, Pivari M, et al. The impact of antibiotic resistance on the efficacy of three 7-day regimens against Helicobacter pylori. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2000;14:893–900
  146. Jodlowski TZ, Lam S, Ashby CR. Emerging therapies for the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infections. Ann Pharmacother. 2008;42:1621–1639
  147. Wilder-Smith CH, Wilder-Smith P, Grosjean P, et al. Photoeradication of Helicobacter pylori using 5-aminolevulinic acid: preliminary human studies. Lasers Surg Med. 2002;31:18–22
  148. Hamblin MR, Viveiros J, Yang C, Ahmadi A, Ganz RA, Tolkoff MJ. Helicobacter pylori accumulates photoactive porphyrins and is killed by visible light. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005;49:2822–2827
  149. Ganz RA, Viveiros J, Ahmad A, et al. Helicobacter pylori in patients can be killed by visible light. Lasers Surg Med. 2005;36:260–265
  150. Lembo AJ, Ganz RA, Sheth S, et al. Treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection with intra-gastric violet light phototherapy: a pilot clinical trial. Lasers Surg Med. 2009;41:337–344
  151. Castano AP, Mroz P, Hamblin MR. Photodynamic therapy and anti-tumour immunity. Nat Rev Cancer. 2006;6:535–545
  152. Komerik N, Wilson M, Poole S. The effect of photodynamic action on two virulence factors of gram-negative bacteria. Photochem Photobiol. 2000;72:676–680

PII: S1572-1000(09)00141-0

doi: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2009.10.008

Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy
Volume 6, Issue 3 , Pages 170-188 , September 2009